The Boston Tea Party Was An Act Of Terrorism - 1378 Words

ter ·ror ·ism ˈterÉ™ËÅ'rizÉ™m/ noun the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Terrorism, the very word bring a foul mood with it, wherever it goes, yet most don’t even know the meaning of the word. Most people insult the idea without very little thought, even when knowing not a thing about it, or why its being caused. The Boston Tea party was an act of terrorism, and is taught to be known as one in some schools in the U.S., and many will rise and say that the Boston Tea Party was a justified, valiant, and patriotic act. Terrorism, in many cases, can be proven. The ANO is a terrorist organization the resides in the Israel/Palestine state, whose goals are to destroy the existing Israeli state that they’ve been forced to share their land with. â€Å"Founded in 1974 by Sabri al-Banna whose nom de guerre, Abu Nidal, means ‘father of the struggle.’ Abu Nidal was a high-ranking official in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and served as PLO representative to several Arab states. Abu Nidal bitterly opposed the idea of a Palestinian state co-existing with an Israeli state and after the PLO began leaning towards reconciliation with the Jewish state, he split with the group to form the ANO.† (Aden, Huda, et al. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs, 2004. General OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2015.) This shows the ANO’s intentions and desire toShow MoreRelatedBritish Perspective on the Boston Tea Party1284 Words   |  6 Pages Boston Tea Party In 1773 parliament passed the tea act in which the British pay less for tax to ship places. This made the prices of tea lower from Britain. Since Bostons tea would be more expensive nobody would buy it from them. The tea act was just another problem adding up between the colonists and britain. This made the colonists want to be independent from Britain. The colonists decided to rebel and dumb three hundred and forty two chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The act wasRead MoreTerrorism Is A Modern Political And Economic Topic On America1376 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism has become a modern political and economic topic in America. It is the existence of Terrorists attacks in America that has changed the way people travels both domestic and foreign and also now viewed as an issue and conflicts that exist within the nation’s borders and domestically (Shemella, 373 ). The United States has since be a country with ideal ability to protect the many citizens from attacks and liv e in peace, but the infiltration of terrorist has kept a change in Americans heartRead MoreThe History of Terrorism in America1861 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Terrorism in America tends to be a product of many issues, population as well as conflict that has co-existed within the nations borders. Uniquely United State has been known for its ability to contain multitudes in relative harmony. According to investigations, majority of terrorism in the history of America is motivated by an extreme distrust of the ideal American democracy that has given opportunity for every individual to claim loyalty to, in addition to benefiting from AmericanRead MoreThe Nature Of Man And The Purpose Of Government887 Words   |  4 Pagesdeficit, Parliament passed the Tea Act, granting a monopoly to the financially strapped East India Company to sell the tea that is imported from Britain. The company was allowed to conduct business with colonial merchants who were loyal to the crown, and thereby hurting the colonist by undercutting them, who could only sell tea imported from other nations. The purpose of this was to drive down the price of tea, so that the c olonial merchants were forced to buy tea at the higher prices from anotherRead MoreA Day Of Tragedy And The War On Terror1993 Words   |  8 Pages2001 the United States witnessed one of the worst acts of terrorism that this country has ever seen, almost 3,000 innocent American lives were taken that day in an Islamic act of â€Å"revenge† and this day will forever be known as a day of tragedy and the spark of a war on terror. Terrorism affects the lives of many, not only the immediate victims and their family, but the helpless people of that country or nation. When innocent people are harmed in the act of Islamic faith others begin to hate that religionRead MoreThe Revolutionary Revolution, By John Adams1198 Words   |  5 Pageswho risks his skin to prove his platitudes† (James). I believe that this statement can be reflected in the colonist’s motivations and actions as well. These people did not travel to the New World and risk death because they wanted to, b ut because it was necessary for them in order to live at peace with themselves. They were in such a distressed state of mind and living in Europe that they needed to adventure and explore other options. I agree with this assessment by John Adams as the people’s mindsetRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-QaedaRead MoreDomestic Terrorism And Its Effect On Terrorism Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic terrorism consists of violations against federal and state law that put humans into danger. The purpose of domestic terrorism is to influence or to instill fear into the population and government. Terrorism comes in forms of gun violence, assassinations, and destruction (1). Since 1970, there have been 2,608 attacks and 226 fatal attacks up until 2011 (3). In 1867, the development of dynamite contributed to increasing terrorism, and radicals have used explosives to bring attention to politicalRead More`` The Cradle Of Freedom `` By Nathaniel Philbrick2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthe embers of the past focusing on the great impact that those involved in the infamous battle for which the book is titled and the battle itself would have on the colonies and their fight for liberties. This is a vivid bildungsroman for the city of Boston, teeming with new thoughts and ideals, that would face internal conflict, which would later give the city the title â€Å"the Cradle of Freedom.â⠂¬ 1 Setting aside the legends of the revolution, Philbrick presents not only a historic event in American historyRead MoreThe Need For Civil Disobedience Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesthey should be allowed to have it. The Justifiability of Violent Civil Disobedience In this article John Morreall discusses the act of civil disobedience. He states that the act of civil disobedience can be justifiable. One of the acts that he talks about is the act of nonviolence. He holds that people like Stuart Brown, Rex Martin, and Michael Bayles admit to an act of civil disobedience; but states that nonviolent civil disobedience is justifiable and that violent civil disobedience is not justifiable

Essay On Infestation Throughout The House - 1565 Words

Infestation Throughout The House It was a cold night throughout Chaska, small population with 2,734 people. Late night church bells rang around 6 PM as all light began to dim through the neighborhood. The night became silent as the darkness settled upon the town. Dinner time was always around 7, not one time was the family late throughout the Bachmanns family. Karen the mother of Jenny Bachmann and Marie bachman, Marie was 13 years old and Jenny was 14 Years old. The sisters had a close connections, Not like any different in any household. Their mother loved cooking, she prepared marvelous dinners. With gourmet servings and appetizers. Karen always prepared the most tastiest dishes that left scents through the whole house. Karen began†¦show more content†¦Making sure nothing was left on, she softly placed another baking sheet over the cookies so no flies would touch any of the cookies and would keep them fresh. James told Karen goodnight and lightly kissed her cheek and turned the living room lights off as they walked to the bedroom. James and Karen turned off all the lights and laid themselves in and fell asleep late that night. Marie slowly creaked open the door to see if her parents were sleeping, she quickly ran to Jenny’s bed and whispered â€Å" they’re asleep†. The girls slowly creeped down the stairs and peeked over the edge to see if anybody was awake. The silence filled the room.Marie and Jen quietly tiptoed towards the delicious cookie as they walked to the batch they eyed each corner of the room to make sure nobody was coming to the kitchen. Marie reached to the edge of the pan as her fingertips lightly touched two cookies. Jenny reached to the pan as her elbow hit against the counter, she shuddered in pain as the pan of cookies hit the floor loudly. She quietly screeched as the pan made a loud noise, they both turned their heads looking at the doorway making sure nobody awoke from the noises. Marie looked into Jenny’s eyes and whispered â€Å" go upstairs†. The girls softly shuffled to their rooms, as quiet as church mice, they jumped lightly into their beds ,huddling under their sheets ,pretending to be sound asleep. Karen quickly arose from bed and awoke James to checkShow MoreRelatedThe A Cold Winter Night970 Words   |  4 Pagesthink much of stray and wild animals roaming our streets and roads. Just a nuisance not really a threat right? Stray animals are a huge problem in our communities today, whether it be from hit animals, damage to houses, trashed areas, or the pile up in our humane societies. Throughout this essay topics will be discussed about stray animal negligence such as, stray cat and dog populus, statistics, problems in humane societies, and ultimately how to fix this problem which is by spaying a nd neutering animalsRead MoreThe Effects of the Darfur Conflict on The Neighboring Countries, the Horn of Africa region, and U.S. Interest1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to adequately depict the current conflict in Darfur and discuss the effects that the Darfur Conflict has had on the neighboring countries, the Horn of Africa region and U.S. interest. In addition, this essay will explore how Darfur Conflict affects global concerns. Background: Darfur is Islamic Sultanate located in the Western Region of Sudan; which is often referred to as the Horn of Africa. It’s reported to be covering one fifth of the country, and has a populousRead MoreEssay on Sustainability1606 Words   |  7 Pagesthe corporate world to ensure a better environment and maintain resources for the future generations to live in this land. The first step to addressing issues of sustainability is examining why this has become such a heated issue in our country. Throughout the past twenty years, scientists, politicians, and environmentalists have all combined efforts to raise awareness for the condition of our environment. Oguejiofor, of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Nigeria, states that the problems that theyRead MoreEssay on A Better Earth4696 Words   |  19 Pagesfrom mans activities, the man himself not only being the cause of this mishaps, he is the one who at the long run suffers from these activities, not only because of his technological advances but his inability to make rational decision. Indeed, throughout history people have suffered pain and heartache from war, cruelty, crime, injustice, poverty, sickness, and also deaths of loved ones as a result of natural hazards. In our 20th century alone, wars have killed over 100 million people. Hundreds ofRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® andRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pageseither went their way making their walk faster, or they would have to work their way to their destination. The first class Thomas attended was computer science. The class was an easy technology credit, but it was too easy. He was bored as hell throughout the class. With Duncan to talk to, time passed by much more quickly. The teacher taught the class like he never touched a keyboard. Thomas would finish the work the teacher gave him in ten minutes then went to work on his own little projects.

True Magic free essay sample

When I was growing up, we kept the TV in the garage and most of the time I didnt pay it any notice. Since I was four, Id abided ) by my schools â€Å"no media† policy quite happily – until the year we moved the TV into the house. My mother had bought a copy of â€Å"The Fellowship of the Ring† for my brother, who is two years older. One day before my parents got home, I sat in the doorway of the linen closet – where we kept the TV – and watched the film from start to finish. As far as I was concerned, the movie was proof that magic did exist. It was possible for humans to have magical powers – all it took was a camera and a costume. Living for so long without the influence of media allowed me to treat every cinematic moment with the reverence that accompanies all things forbidden. We will write a custom essay sample on True Magic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Maybe I just needed an art form of my own, something that, unlike drawing or painting, I didnt associate with the  ­average school day. My school, with its free-spirited, no-grades-or-tests philosophy, might sound like the ideal place for an artist to grow. Art and an alternative, rebellious point of view are often a package deal. But there were certain problems that arose for me as an artist surrounded on all sides by art. My rebellion was to become the aspiring filmmaker at a school with a â€Å"no media† policy. Being introduced to the world of movies through the epic adventure of â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† was like suddenly seeing a new color. For months I was obsessed with the story of hobbits and elves in Middle Earth. But with just as much fascination, I watched the special features and the story of a cast and crew waking at dawn to make these three epic movies. Are they on a huge sound stage or really in the woods? I wondered as the scenes flashed by. Is that sunset a happy accident or hours spent on lighting ­design or animation? Discovering that I loved movies quickly led to realizing that I wanted to make them. With my bat mitzvah money at 13, I got a MacBook with iMovie and a video camera. I told everyone who would listen about the movies I was going to make. Meanwhile, I used my laptop to hide under the covers, watching Netflix rentals until all hours of the night. I became an addict. I thought about movies all the time, memorized entire scenes and screenplays, and recited them in whispers to my media-deprived classmates. I rewrote endings and dialogue, creating perfect movies out of mediocre ones, and enjoyed these inventions as fully as the ones on the screen. I snuck movies past my parents like an illegal substance and called myself a connoisseur of film; but I was more like a wine critic who is passed out drunk in a corner. In the eighth grade I finished my first movie, a montage of â€Å"I love my friends and this is our last year together† clips. Editing came naturally to me. I assumed that with a simple program like iMovie editing must be easy for everyone. I created rhythm with images and never thought twice about why something looked right. I wasnt interested in the â€Å"effects† menu. I never made warped, silly films for fun. Last summer at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts Pre-College, a teacher gave us a rule for Photoshop: â€Å"Edit an image only to enhance what is already there. Make it look like it came out of the camera that way. Never let it look effected.† I suddenly realized I had been following that rule since I was 13. I sent that first movie with my application for the film program at New York State Summer School of the Arts and was accepted. When I arrived there, I was surprised to learn that â€Å"film† was not synonymous with digital video. I hadnt known enough to know there was a ­difference. So quite by accident I spent my fifteenth summer in a dark basement cutting my fingers splicing 16 mm and Super8 movies together. â€Å"Film is so refreshing after video,† one of my teachers said, and I quite agreed. To me, the crisp, silent black and white films were like sketches done by a fine artist, or like poetry – a few lines placed just so. As my film, a montage of questions and flickering images, played in our final show that summer, a series of images flashed by and then the voice-over asked â€Å"What did you see?† as the image went black. â€Å"The same thing the person next to you saw?† Now a girl appeared, rolling down a hill. â€Å"I saw magic,† the voice-over continued, as she rolled through bright sunlight, then shadow, then sunlight. â€Å"Maybe thats just what I wanted to see. Maybe I decided before I saw it to see it as magic. But I still saw it, and I liked it because I chose it. Does that make it less true?† At the end, the audience murmured in an â€Å"I know what she means† kind of way that I hope my audiences always will. That movie was about how I see the world. It was about the day that I watched â€Å"The Lord of the Rings,† sitting in a closet, seeing what I wanted to see: true magic. In an interview, Dustin Hoffman recalls asking Sir Laurence Olivier, â€Å"Why does anyone act?† Olivier replied by taking Hoffmans face in his hands and yelling, â€Å"Look at me! Look at me!† I look at the world and want to shout, â€Å"Look at it! Look at it!† I step outside and the sky is black and churning. Yellow leaves are blowing in straight lines, and raindrops are falling, audibly hitting the ground. My hair is blowing into my eyes, and a red scarf is whipped across a strangers shoulder ahead of me. â€Å"It looks like a movie,† I say, and wonder which character I am, which journey I am on. Yellow leaves and wind could symbolize transformation, so I might be on the edge of a new discovery. Or perhaps Im only walking through and its the stranger with the red scarf whose life is about to change. When I toured the Purchase campus in September, we left the admissions building to find that the world had been transformed into a scene from someones imagination. A storm was blowing up and a low-flying plane thundered over our heads. September leaves skidded around our feet and everyone zipped up their jackets in one motion. â€Å"This looks like the apocalypse,† I muttered, and our tour guide, a film student, heard my comment and asked what major I wanted to study. â€Å"Film,† I told him. He smiled and nodded. There is a way that we film majors and filmmakers see the world. We see a story unfolding all around us all the time, a story that is begging to be told.

Week Solutions Essay Example

Week Solutions Paper Managers often increase dividends temporarily when earnings are unexpectedly high for a year or two. False. Dividends are smoothed. Managers rarely increase regular dividends temporarily. They may pay a special dividend, however, d. Companies undertaking substantial share repurchases usually finance them with a offsetting reduction in cash dividends. False. Dividends are rarely cut when repurchases are being made. 17. Dividends and value Little Oil has outstanding 1 million shares with a total market value Of $20 million. The firm is expected to pay $1 million Of dividends next year, and thereafter the amount paid out is expected to grow by 5% a year n perpetuity. Thus the expected dividend is $1. 05 million in year 2, $1. 105 million in year 3, and so on. However, the company has heard that the value of a share depends on the flow of dividends, and therefore it announces that next years dividend will be increased to $2 million and that the extra cash will be raised immediately by an issue of shares. After that, the total amount paid out each year will be as previously forecasted, that is, $1. 5 million in year 2 and increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. A. At what price will the new shares be issued in year 1? At t -O each share is worth $20. This value is based on the expected stream of dividends: $1 at t I, and increasing by in each subsequent year _ Thus, we can find the appropriate discount rate for this company as follows: 100% Beginning at t = 2, each share in the company Will enjoy a perpetual stream Of growing dividends: SSL . 05 at t = 2, and increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, the total value of the shares ATT= 1 (after the t = 1 dividend is paid and after N new shares have been issued) is given by: If Pl is the price per share ATT = 1, then: and: Pl a N = From the first equation: Substituting from the second equation: so that Pl = 520. 00. B. How many shares will the firm need to issue? With Pl equal to $20 the firm will need to sell 50,000 new shares to raise c. What will be the expected dividend payments on these new shares, and what therefore will be paid out to the old shareholders after year 1? The expected dividends paid at t 2 are $1 increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. With shares outstanding, dividends per share are: $1 ATT = 2, increasing by in each subsequent year. Thus, total dividends paid o old shareholders are: $1 at t 2, increasing by in each subsequent year. D. Show that the present value of the cash flows to current shareholders remains 520 million, Poor the current shareholders: 21. Dividends vs.. Repurchases Here are key financial data for House of Herring, Earnings per share for 2015 55. Number of shares outstanding mm Target payout ratio Planned dividend per share SO. 75 Stock price, year-end 2015 $130 House of Herring plans to pay the entire dividend early in January 2019. All corporate and personal taxes were repealed in 2017. A. Other things equal, what will be House of Herrings stock price after the planned dividend payout? $130 2. 75 = $127. 25. B. Suppose the company cancels the dividend and announces that it will use the money saved to repurchase shares. What happens to the stock price on the announcement date? Assume that investors learn nothing about the companys prospects from the announcement. HOW many shares Will need to be repurchased? Again, assuming investors learn nothing from the announcement about the House Of Herrings prospects. Nothing. The stock price will stay at $130. 46,154 shares will be repurchased. C. Suppose the company increase dividends to $5. 50 per share and then issues new shares to recoup the extra cash paid out as dividends. What happens to the with- and ex-dividend share prices? How many shares will need to be issued Again, assume investors learn nothing from the announcement about House of Herrings prospects, The with-dividend price stays at 5130. Ex-dividend drops to 5124. 50; 883,534 shares will be issued. 25. Payout and the cost of capital Comment briefly on each of the following statements: a. Unlike American firms, which are always being pressured by their shareholders to increase dividends, Japanese companies pay out a much smaller proportion of earnings and so enjoy a lower cost of capital, This statement implicitly equates the cost of equity capital with the stocks dividend yield. If this were true, companies that pay no dividend would have a zero cost Of equity capital, Which is clearly not correct. B. Unlike new capital, Which needs a stream Of new dividends to service it, retained earnings have zero cost. One way to think of retained earnings is that, from an economic standpoint, the many earns money on behalf of the shareholders, who then immediately reinvest the earnings in the company. Thus, retained earnings do not represent free capital. Retained earnings carry the full cost of equity capital (although issue costs associated with raising new equity capital are avoided). C. If a company repurchases stock instead of paying a dividend, the number of shares tails and earnings per share rise. Thus stock repurchase must be always be preferred to paying dividends. Fifth tax on capital gains is less than that on dividends, the conclusion of this statement is correct; i. . , a stock repurchase is always preferred over dividends. This conclusion, however, is strictly because of taxes, Earnings per share is irrelevant. 7. Repurchases and PEPS Many companies use stock repurchases to increase earnings per share. For example, suppose that a company is in the following position: Net profit $10 million Number Of shares before repurchase I million Earnings per share $10 Price-earnings ratio Share price $200 The company now repurchases 200,000 shares at $200 a share, The number of shares declines to 800,000 shares and earnings per share increase to $12. 0. Assuming the price-earnings ratio stays at 20, the share price must rise to SO. Discuss. One problem with this analysis is that it assumes the companys net profit remains constant even though the asset base of the company shrinks by 20%. That is, in order to raise the cash necessary to repurchase the shares, the company must sell assets. If the assets sold are representative of the company as a whole, we would expect net profit to decrease by so that earnings per share and the PIE ratio remain the same. After the repurchase, the company will look like this next year: Net Profit: $8 million Number of Shares: 0. Million Earnings per Share: Price-Earnings Ratio: Share Price: 3200 28, Dividends and taxes The middle-of-the-road party holds that dividend policy doesnt matter because the supply of high-, medium-. And low-payout stocks has already adjusted to satisfy investors demands, Investors who like generous dividends hold stocks that give them all the dividends that they want. Investors vivo want capital gains see ample low-payout stocks to choose from Thus, high-payout firms cannot gain by transforming to low-payout firms, or vice versa. Suppose the government reduces the tax rate on dividends but not on capital gains. Suppose that before this change the supply of dividends matched investor needs. HOW would you expect the tax change to affect the total cash dividends paid by U. S. Corporations and the proportion of high- versus low-payout companies? Would dividend policy still be irrelevant after any dividend supply adjustments are completed? Explain. Even if the middle-of-the-road party is correct about the supply of dividends, we still do not know why investors wanted the dividends they got.

Free Essays on Fetish In The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Fetish in the Rocky Horror Picture Show The theme of fetish abounds throughout the entire movie, beginning with the main characters entrance into the castle which is inhabited by a group of transvestites from Transylvania. The transvestites are dressed thematically in provocative clothing representing sexual fetish including bondage. Within this theme, the clothing of some characters is sparse and often limited to only under-garments and shoes. Typical fetish objects, high heels, stockings and under-garments are openly displayed and typical apparel throughout the entire movie, not dependent upon the scene. Taboo, enters into the picture when it seems apparent that the dances and scenes that occur are overtly sexually explicit. The dancing is very sexual and the set up of the bedrooms within the castle lend themselves to being what would typically be considered pornographic. There are scenes featuring red light, often found in sexual connotations and areas of prostitution. There is a common theme of sexual tendencies throughout the entire cast of characters and it is seen that many of the characters are intimately involved with one another, as well as many others. The movie takes the viewer out of the realm of reality and into this fictitious place, where no one can tell the time that has elapsed. The only mention of time is at the very start of the movie, with the clock striking midnight, and the singing of Time Warp. Within this time reality relationship, it seems that the characters are stuck within the castle walls, not being allowed to leave by the master. The creation of Rocky, as a sex symbol is overtly fetish, especially because it denotes the undercurrents of homosexuality, involving transvestites. The entire film is revolutionary in that it goes out on a limb and stretches the limits of cinematography for the era in which it was produced and presented. Because of this, an entire fetish culture has aris... Free Essays on Fetish In The Rocky Horror Picture Show Free Essays on Fetish In The Rocky Horror Picture Show Fetish in the Rocky Horror Picture Show The theme of fetish abounds throughout the entire movie, beginning with the main characters entrance into the castle which is inhabited by a group of transvestites from Transylvania. The transvestites are dressed thematically in provocative clothing representing sexual fetish including bondage. Within this theme, the clothing of some characters is sparse and often limited to only under-garments and shoes. Typical fetish objects, high heels, stockings and under-garments are openly displayed and typical apparel throughout the entire movie, not dependent upon the scene. Taboo, enters into the picture when it seems apparent that the dances and scenes that occur are overtly sexually explicit. The dancing is very sexual and the set up of the bedrooms within the castle lend themselves to being what would typically be considered pornographic. There are scenes featuring red light, often found in sexual connotations and areas of prostitution. There is a common theme of sexual tendencies throughout the entire cast of characters and it is seen that many of the characters are intimately involved with one another, as well as many others. The movie takes the viewer out of the realm of reality and into this fictitious place, where no one can tell the time that has elapsed. The only mention of time is at the very start of the movie, with the clock striking midnight, and the singing of Time Warp. Within this time reality relationship, it seems that the characters are stuck within the castle walls, not being allowed to leave by the master. The creation of Rocky, as a sex symbol is overtly fetish, especially because it denotes the undercurrents of homosexuality, involving transvestites. The entire film is revolutionary in that it goes out on a limb and stretches the limits of cinematography for the era in which it was produced and presented. Because of this, an entire fetish culture has aris...

Carrion Beetles, Family Silphidae

Carrion Beetles, Family Silphidae Look no further than your nearest road kill if you want to collect specimens in the family Silphidae. Carrion beetles inhabit the remains of dead vertebrates, munching on maggots and consuming the corpse. As gross as that sounds, its an important job. Carrion beetles also go by the common names burying beetles and sexton beetles. What Do Carrion Beetles Look Like? Unless you’re in the habit of examining carcasses, you may never come across a carrion beetle. Some species will fly to porch lights on summer evenings, so you may get lucky and find one on your front door. While we might find the carrion beetle’s diet rather distasteful, these scavengers provide a vital ecological service - disposing of carcasses. Most of the carrion beetles we encounter fall into one of two genera: Silpha or Nicrophorus. Silpha beetles are medium to large, oval in shape, and usually flattened. They’re typically black, sometimes with a yellow pronotum. Nicrophorus beetles (sometimes spelled Necrophorus) are commonly called burying beetles, thanks to their remarkable ability to move and bury carcasses. Their bodies are elongate, with shortened elytra. Many burying beetles are red and black in color. Though carrion beetles as a family range in size from just a few millimeters to as long as 35 mm, most species we commonly encounter top 10 mm in length. Silphids have clubbed antennae, and tarsi (feet) with 5 joints. Carrion beetle larvae have elongated bodies that taper at the hind end. Carrion Beetles Classifications Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeoopteraFamily - Silphidae Carrion Beetle Diet As adults, most carrion beetles feed on maggots, as well as on the decomposing carcass they inhabit. The adults’ voracious appetite for maggots certainly helps eliminate competition for their offspring. The carrion beetle larvae feed on the carcass, which would quickly be devoured by maggots without the intervention of the adult Silphids. A few carrion beetle species feed on plants, or even more rarely, prey on snails or caterpillars. The Carrion Beetle Life Cycle Like all beetles, Silphids undergo complete metamorphosis, with four stages of the life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The adult carrion beetles lay eggs on or near a decomposing carcass. The young larvae emerge in about a week and will feed on the carcass for up to a month before pupating. Interesting Behaviors of Carrion Beetles Burying beetles (genus Nicrophorus) practice remarkable feats of insect strength in an effort to beat the competition to the carcass. When a pair of burying beetles comes across a carcass, they will immediately go to work burying the body. A couple Nicrophorus beetles can completely inter a carcass as large as a rat in a matter of hours. To do so, the beetles plow the earth beneath the carcass, using their heads like bulldozer blades to push loose soil out from under the body. As more and more soil is excavated from beneath it, the carcass begins to settle into the ground. Eventually, the burying beetles push the loose soil back over the body, effectively hiding it from competitors like blow flies. If the soil beneath the carcass proves to difficult to dig, the beetles may work together to lift and carry the body to another location nearby. The bright bands of red or orange on the wings of many carrion beetles warn potential predators that they won’t make a very delicious meal, so don’t bother tasting them. There’s something to be said for the old adage â€Å"you are what you eat.† Carrion beetles, after all, feed on rotting flesh, and all the bacteria that goes along with it. Silphids apparently taste and smell like death. Where Do Carrion Beetles Live? The family Silphidae is a fairly small beetle group, with just 175 species known worldwide. Of these, about 30 species inhabit North America. Most carrion beetles inhabit temperate regions. Sources: Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonInsects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn KaufmanA Matter of Taste – The Natural History of Carrion Beetles, by Brett C. Ratcliffe, Curator of Insects, University of Nebraska State MuseumFamily Silphidae, Bugguide.net, accessed November 29, 2011

Aspect of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aspect of Leadership - Essay Example In the modern age, it is not unusual for a government to be selected by the number of votes, that are a shear representation of the total population in a country. This results in a state of anarchy and is detrimental to the peace and harmony among individuals of a nation. Authenticity of the leader is one of the most basic requirements that maintain followers’ faith in their leader. A leader has to frequently make commitments with his followers because of the tough nature of his job. Authenticity of the leader dawns upon the followers cardinally by compliance of the leader’s actions with his commitments. Authenticity in a leadership can be measured on the scale of certain factors. Compliance of the leader’s actions with prior commitments with his followers, maintenance of consistency in the theme of a leader, and, frequent and open confrontation of the leader with the followers are some of such factors. A leader should be very particular about defining his theme. Theme of a leader serves as a focus of all his progressions. It is imperative that the followers are well educated on the theme of the leader so that they can fully comprehend the leader’s intentions and rationalize his approach towards attainment of the ultimate goal. In addition to that, a leader needs to confess all potential mistakes, that he did unintentionally or that raised doubts among the followers in any manner. These factors solely pertain to the leader in person. A leader also needs to ensure that he ensures the use of authentic means to convey his message to the followers. Followers, act as per th e instructions of their leader and their level of compliance with the leader’s instructions decides for the effectiveness of the leader’s approach. It is, therefore, the leader’s responsibility to ensure that the message that is conveyed to the followers is authentic in all

Photography in the 19th Century Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photography in the 19th Century - Term Paper Example This paper will argue that both aesthetics and social documentary were dominant natures of photography during the 19th century. It will first define aesthetics and documentary photography as primary terms for this paper. It will then show examples of photographs created by Fox Talbot and Jacob Riis, where each work would be dissected based on the mentioned natures of 19th century photography. At the turn of the 19th century, photography had developed into one of the most reliable medium to express modern art. Aesthetics became well appreciated because of the developments presented by photography. It explains man’s emotions towards art, beauty, creation and taste. With such emotions, the appreciation for aesthetics follows the study of sensory values (Zangwill, par. 1). Complexity was also intertwined with aesthetics as social change became a prevalent concern amongst photographers; hence the emergence of documentary photography. Documentary photography is a product of a ferven t desire to let images tell a particular story. It implants upon the audience social consciousness which produces acts of persuasion for change (Curtis, 5). Both aesthetics and documentary natures are present within the photographs created by Fox Talbot and Jacob Riis. Fox Talbot was the known inventor of the calotype process – a dominant process of photography during the 19th century. ... The subjects who are in their coats portray the serious atmosphere exhibited by the photograph. Aesthetics can be derived in this picture by looking at the timely and classic form of photography created by Talbot. It is classic in the sense that the subjects of the photograph exhibit the upbringing of the society – male professionals act profoundly and dressed neatly in their suits or coats. Talbot’s piece is timely because, up to the present time where color and new forms of aesthetic techniques are observed in photography, the classic form of the picture is still well venerated and appreciated through its simple and monochromatic look. Complexity is derived from Talbot’s photograph by the implication created and intended by the photographer – a sense of modernity shown through the story contained within the picture. The photograph shows the subjects seriously preoccupied by setting the cameras they need for a photograph shoot. This story is not a definit ion of documentary photography in its sense. It doesn’t encourage the desire for social change or reform. However, it can still be classified as documentary because the picture transmits and shows a story of photography development and evolution. It, somehow, â€Å"documents† the improvements within the world of photography during the 19th century because the picture shows photographers inclined with improved pieces of equipment. Jacob Riis, on the other hand, shows the real nature of what documentary photography is. In his piece entitled Bandit’s Roost created in 1888, the photographer shows the social dilemma of poverty prevalent within the suburbs of the 19th century (see Figure 2). Aesthetic wise, Riis’ work is the same as Talbot’s photograph – it is

Why PE Should Be In Every School Essay Example for Free

Why PE Should Be In Every School Essay In high school, students have a full schedule for five days on a week to always study about subjects like mathematics, biology, economy etc. Have a full schedule like that can make the students body and mind disturbed and confused. PE or physical education in high school helps students to refreshed their body and mind in that full busy week of schedule. There are a lot of advantages of PE or sport that many people know, but there also some of disadvantages that few people know about sport or PE. PE, physical education is one of the subjects in high school. PE is an education process through phycical activity, physical exercise or sport to achieve educational purpose. PE is done with well-organized program by the teacher that involve not only the physical activity but also provide a media for the student to explore and to learn the environment. The advantages of PE according to Mahendra (2013), generally said that the advantages of PE in school include the following: 1. Fullfill the needs of the children of move. 2. Introduce the children to the environtment and the potential skill of them. 3. To set up the bneficial of basics skill. 4. Direct the excessive energy to a better way. 5. An simultaneously eduational process of both physically, mentally and emotionally. PE in high school is held once a week so the students can maintain their health routinely on a week. PE also needed by the students to refresh their body and mind from the busy schedule of study on a week. PE or sport also has some disadvantages. If it done excessively, it can affect students health and result in side effects to the body. Exhaustion, of course if you impose your body to work more than before you must feel tired. Physical activity like running or with high intensity can endanger the heart health, it makes your heart bigger. Bigger heart makes you get more tired easily. Another example of high intensity physical activity side effects is blood clots. As experienced by Danielle Yalop from Manchester, England. Yalop had to undergo a rib removal surgery because of blood clots, or Deep Vein Thrombosis. A blood clots that can plug up artery and causing death. Another side effect of excessive physical activity is a headache. If you feel a headache when you are doing or done doing physical activity, it means that your body lacking water or dehydration. Headache is a simptom of dehydration. The more you doing physical activity, the more water leave your body. In addition of the advantages of PE that Mahendra said, PE might help you to keep your body healthy and fit, removing toxins, keep the heart healthy and stable, reducing body fat. Of course you have to exercise regulary as needed and not doing it excessively. PE is important not only in high school but also in elementary and junior high school. Sometimes, PE is considered not necessary by the school committee. PE only considered as a refreshing time so the physical activity and the education not be taken seriously and not done properly. In fact, PE is very important to keep balance between physical education and the primary one. If PE is taken seriously, it can helps developed knowledge and skills that related to social development, self-confident and developed the personal value through participating in a physical activity group. Although PE in some school only considered not necessary, PE is important and every school and student must have and do PE within the busy schedule in scho ol life. If school committe take PE seriously and think that PE is important because of the advantages, they might be doing it twice a week. Hiring a competent PE teacher and well-organized PE program that can help the students maintaining their health , body, mind and help them to upgrade their primary education.

Animal Testing (speech Outline) -- essays research papers fc

Specific Purpose – To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken. Central Idea – By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals will not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved. Introduction I. Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class. A. What was once cute and furry but becomes a bloody rotted mess? B. You guys give up? C. Well the answer to this question is an animal that has undergone chemical testing. II. I know that wasn’t too funny but I needed some sort of attention-grabber and this hit home on the question of my topic; whether animal testing is right or wrong. A. After all, the question whether animals should be tested is often hotly debated. B. Through intense research I have discovered that the issue on whether animals should be experimented upon, or â€Å"vivisection†, has cropped up in history as early as the 17th century. III. Although animal testing is much less frequent today than in the past, I will reinforce the idea that alternatives to animal testing should be preserved today. A. I will first explain the conflicts in the past where animal testing caused many problems. B. Then I will reinforce the solution to animal testing by discussing the various alternatives that can be taken. (Transition: Let us first look at the problem of animal testing.) Body I. As I have mentioned, the question on animal testing was posed even as early as the 17th century, according to the All For Animals Newsletter. A. According to this newsletter, Philosopher Jeremy Bentham rejected philosopher Rene Descartes’ theory that because animals have no reasoning that humans have, they therefore cannot feel pain or suffering. 1. But Bentham went further in this issue, rejecting Descartes’ idea because the idea of reasoning was irrelevant on the moral issue whether animals should be tested. 2. Bentham’s philo... ... be tested upon by dangerous chemicals? Bibliography Smith, Taylor. â€Å"Animal Testing - Alternatives - Cruelty-Free Living.† All For Animals Newsletter. Issue #1, March 1998. Grigg, Bill. â€Å"NIH News Release.† 28 Dec. 1999 [last revision]. < <a href="http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec99/niehs-28.htm">http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec99/niehs-28.htm > 1999. Adams, Johnathan. â€Å"Animal Welfare Act and Regulations.† August 22, 2000 [last update] < <a href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm > 1996. â€Å"USDA Agrees to Regulate More Research Animals, Including Mice.† October 3, 2000 [last update] < <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/03/research.animals.ap/index.html">http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/03/research.animals.ap/index.html > 1990. â€Å"Cruelty Free Companies—Choose to Be Cruelty-Free†. < <a href="http://www.allforanimals.com">http://www.allforanimals.com > 2000. â€Å"ANIMAL TESTING†. May 12, 1999 [last update]. < <a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html">http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html > 1996.

GMO Labeling Essay

Nowadays, genetically modified food surrounds us all around the world and we don’t even know it. This food is composed of unnatural products. According to the website 20 questions on genetically modified foods, â€Å"genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally†. This means that they are adjusting the food in a certain way, making it unnatural. The GM crops currently on the market are mainly aimed at an increased level of crop protection through the introduction of resistance against plant diseases caused by insects or viruses or through increased tolerance towards herbicides (20 questions on genetically modified foods). Genetically Modified foods are used to protect the consumers when it is time to eat the GMO’s. Most of the time, we do not know what we are exactly eating so, there is still one question remaining; should it be required that Geneticall y Modified foods are labeled as GMO’s? There are few opinions suggested about this subject. Major proponents of the Genetically Modified food are for and few others are against. For example, they are for the good is labeled as GMO’s because it gives the right of choice for the consumers if they want to consume the GMO’s food or not. They do not feel like they have to check the label table on the back of the food package, if the GMO’s is labeled. For instance, GMO’s labeling would not be the best idea because it would make the consumers wondering if they are eating save food or not. The consumers might think that the food is not good for their health, as soon as they see on the package â€Å"GMO’s†. In this paper, we will learn more about the pros and cons of the Genetically Modified foods. According to GMO’s can contain some bacteria, which is not good for the consumers who want to eat a certain product with GMO’s. The producers are using genes from plants and animals, which mean that the animals or plants can be contaminated, and be present in the food, eventually. It is a pro because when looking at the label and see GMO’s, it is means that the specific food can contain bacteria from food or either plants. (Should government require that genetically modified food be labeled, 2010). Another reason why labeling the GMO foods would be beneficial is because it would  prevent some possible allergies, which is not something that anyone wants to deal with when it comes to food choice. According to 20 questions on genetically modified foods, â€Å"The safety assessment of GM foods generally investigates: (a) direct health effects (toxicity), (b) tendencies to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity)†. Allergies can be really bad and it is somet hing that consumers look at when they are grocery shopping, they want to make sure that no one in their family will be affected by the GMO’s food (allergy). Another pro of labeling GMO food would be that it provides the choice to the consumer — if they really want to consume the product or if they would prefer not to. It is a good way to check if you are willing to take the risk to eat a GMO product. It allows the consumers to take the right choice concerning the way they want to eat. (Should government require that genetically modified food be labeled, 2010). There are also negative arguments concerning if they should required a Genetically Modified goods labeled. According to Dagoberto (2013), â€Å"labeling can also increase the non-GMO’s foods labeling†, which will create more food on the market. Because there is no label saying that the GMO’s are present in the food, the consumers will have tendency to buy without asking any specific questions. But at the same time, it is easier for the consumers to make a choice if they should go for it or not. Increase of Non-GMO’s food on the market is not very good because as we all know, we are producing too much food (overproduction), all around the world. Also, this brings the concern that consumers may not want to pay extra money that is typically requested of foods labeled as GMO’s. It would cost more money to put the label on the package which means that the consumers would have to pay a little but more than expected. (Should governments require that geneti cally modified foods be labeled?, 2010). According to Labels for GMO Foods Are a Bad Idea (2013), â€Å"Instead of providing people with useful information, mandatory GMO labels would only intensify the misconception that so-called Frankenfoods endanger people’s health.† Meaning that people will be confused even more because they would not know what GMO’s really is. Maybe they would have fewer tendencies to buy the specific food because they do not trust the labeling on that says GMO’s on the package. Personally, I believe that they should required that Genetically Modified foods are labeled as GMO’s because I think that it is important to know if our food is genetically modified. I would prefer to know if the food contains GMO’s than not knowing. I think that the consumer should know what is present in their food. It is our right to know what our food contains and if we still want to buy it or not. Also, I would think that Genetically Modified foods labeled as GMO’s would be good because it would prevent a lot of allergies. A lot of people are allergic to some Genetically Modified food and if there are nothing written on the package, it is clearly not good to not have something labeled as GMO’s. For example, anyone in a family could be allergic to specific soy but if they are are no specific labeling on the package, it could have very bad impacts for the consumer who is allergic. Also because the GMO’s would be labeled on the package, it would b e easier to make a faster choice without looking for more information on the package than GMO’s. Maybe some person are looking only to buy Genetically Modified foods and it would be so much easier for them to just look at the package and see the label â€Å"GMO’s†. All of these different examples and evidence are showing why I think that it should be required that Genetically Modified foods are labeled as GMO’s. Sources Dagoberto, M. (2013, November). An urgent case for GMO labeling | MA Right to Know GMOs. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://marighttoknow.com/home/why-label-gmos/an-urgent-case-for-gmo-labeling/ Debate: Mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods. Should governments require that genetically modified foods be labeled? (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://http://dbp.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Mandatory_labeling_of_genetically_modified_foods/> Labels for GMO Foods Are a Bad Idea – Scientific American. (2013, August 20). Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/labels-for-gmo-foods-are-a-bad-idea/ WHO | 20 questions on genetically modified foods. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/

Reasons Behind the Gender Pay Gap (Australia) Essay

Despite long established legislation and community standards, women are still far from equal to men in the workforce. Women working full-time earn 18% less than men. On average they also earn $1million less over the course of their lives compared to male counterparts. Labour laws have had a large influence in the size of the gender pay gap (GPG). The wage-fixing principles in the 1970s, has granted immediate collective remedies from industry-wide, award application. However awards are losing prominence with the rise of neoliberalism; and women with lower bargaining power become disadvantaged. This area of law has also had successful attempts of combating the undervaluation of female-dominated industries, although these standards have not been fully developed. On the other hand, anti-discrimination law has had a more limited impact on gender pay equity (GPE). It has mainly expelled the formal barriers that restricted women’s access to the public arena; however they are expected to conform to existing practices. Due to weak substantive provisions, and the judiciary’s unwillingness to alter existing systems, there has been less than desirable change to systemic discrimination. Today, the pay gap is largely attributed to the undervaluation of ‘feminised’ work, the influence of women’s primary caring role on career progression, and the managerial glass-ceiling effect. I THE SDA’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENDER PAY EQUITY Anti-discrimination laws have had a limited impact on GPE, since the liberal legal system have not been designed to change social structures, but merely to/ allows women to participate in existing arenas. The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) and its equivalent state laws have managed to dispel formal barriers to equality, but largely fails to accommodate women’s differences from men. The Acts attempts to achieve equality through the prohibition of two defined forms of discrimination – direct discrimination (DD) is confined to facilitating equality of opportunity, whilst indirect discrimination (IDD) allows some movement towards equality in substance by targeting a restricted range of systemic unfair treatment. However due to the conceptual complexity and evidentiary difficulties of an IDD claim, most cases have been framed as DD. This primary commitment to formal equality is inadequate. Women cannot always conform to male standards and they are punished once they deviate  from established norms. In Purvis, it was held that there is no DD treatment if an act is based on a characteristic or manifestation of a ground, provided that these are borne by the person. Women can thus be treated like other deviants, and treatment is only unlawful if it is applied inconsistently. This system affords women protection so long as they can conform to existing practices. DD arguably only covers blanket exclusions and prejudicial assumptions; although this is not a small area, it does not ensure equality of outcome or resource. In addition, the legislations have poor capacity to tackle systemic discrimination as a result of weak substantive provisions and conservative judicial interpretation. The ability of IDD to challenge disadvantaging practices is seriously blunted by the fact that the court can find these procedures lawful if held reasonable. Countries such as the United States and United Kingdom, upon which Australian anti-discrimination laws are based, have stronger laws. In the US there is a requirement of ‘business necessity’ whilst the UK necessitates ‘a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim’. The less onerous Australian standard assigns very wide responsibility to the judiciary to determine whether a disadvantageous practice is lawful. This open texture has allowed the courts in many instances to transmit conservative interpretations which preserve the status quo. The judiciary’s tendency to adopt narrow analyses may reflect an ignorance of the impacts of exclusion and disadvantage, given their relatively privileged social positions. The Act’s treatment of systemic disadvantage has been limited and inconsistent. II Labour Law’s Contributions to Gender Pay Equity The right to equal pay was first entrenched in federal labour law through the adoption of the 1969 and 1972 equal pay principles by Australia’s/n federal industrial tribunal. Due to Australia’s unique system of wage determination, the application of these principles had substantially narrowed the gap between men and women’s pay. Prior to these developments women’s wages were usually set as a proportion of men’s, under the compulsory conciliation and arbitration system of wage-fixing; on the assumption that women were not ‘breadwinners’. In 1969, this institutionalized sex discrimination in wage determination officially came to an end when the federal industrial tribunal implemented the principle of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœequal pay for equal work’ in wage-setting. This measure had a limited impact, given that it only applied to instances where ‘work performed by men and women was of the same or a like nature’. This narrow interpre tation of equal pay only benefited women with identical jobs as men, leaving female-dominated industries unaffected. Nevertheless, 18 percent of women in the workforce enjoyed equal pay through the industry-wide application of the measures. These limitations were partially addressed in the 1972 National Wage Case, resulting in the new principle of ‘equal pay for work of equal value’. Under this standard, the tribunal can contrast different classifications of work within and across awards to determine work value; taking into consideration the skills, qualifications and conditions associated with the work. However, determinations of work value gave higher favour to masculinised areas of work, and functions linked with predominantly female industries were underappreciated. This concept of work value withstood challenge in the 1986 comparable worth proceedings. The collective, industry-wide remedies that trickled through awards led to an increase in the GPE ratio from 64 per cent in 1967 to 80.1 per cent in 1980. However equality is limited and rests on an implicit male standard. In addition, the scheme did not allow claims by individuals for a single workplace. The GPG has also been influenced by the neolibera l direction of industrial relations policy. Since 1993, the Federal Government has focused on the deregulation of the labour market, favouring enterprise over industry award settlements. The equal pay wage fixing principles were no longer connected with the primary method of wage determination; as pay increases were primarily gained from enterprise bargaining, whilst industry awards largely acted as safety nets adjustments. This process disadvantaged workers with lower skills and bargaining power. Difficulties with measuring productivity in service industries meant that women concentrated in these areas faced problems in productivity-based bargaining. In addition, the uneven and weak state regulation of non-standard casual work, left women, who predominantly do such work, particularly vulnerable after successive phases of neoliberal reform. Due to these developments, the GPG ratio had only increased 4.9 percent from 1980 to 2008. The decline of the institutional and legal structure that had provided women some protection has locked pay inequities. However, in recent years labour law has placed an emphasis on the undervaluation of ‘feminised’ work in labour law. The Industrial Relations Commissions in New South Wales and Queensland have established undervaluation as the threshold for making an equal remuneration claim. Undervaluation can be proven by showing that current rates of pay are inconsistent with the tribunal’s assessments of work value. The test did not regularly turn to a male standard. The Queensland tribunal particularly note factors which may have influenced the valuation of women’s work, such as occupational segregation and the over-representation of women in casual or part-time work. These advances had instituted significant gain wage gains for dental assistants, childcare workers and librarians. However these positive developments were contained when the Federal Government ‘covered the field’ in 2005, replacing them with ineffective principles that hinged on proof of discrimination. However the advent of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) may reaffirm commitments to a test of undervaluation. The successful application of unions in the social, community and disability sector has led to substantial wage gains, upon recognition by the tribunal of an undervaluation of feminised work. Although proof of discrimination is no longer required, the tribunal has refused to adopt a clear remuneration principle, and has insisted that its powers to issue orders are discretionary. The recent measures to tackle female undervaluation may be transient and its current foundations are unsecured. III FACTORS INFLUENCING GENDER PAY INEQUITY The GPG is partly the result of women taking work that accommodates their familial obligations, instead of career-enhancing work that match their skills and experience. The dramatic increase in women’s workforce participation in the last fifty years has not been offset by an increased contribution by men in the household, and women continue to be disproportionately burdened with family caring responsibilities. In 2002, an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) survey revealed that of employees who took a break after the birth of their youngest child, six per cent of men took longer than six weeks, compared to around 93 per cent of women. National time use studies show that the number of unpaid hours that men and women devote has not changed notably; with women being found to have  contributed 65 percent and 64 percent of household activities in 1992 and 1997 respectively. As a result of women’s primary caregiver role, they are pushed into compromising between paid and unpaid duties. In 1999, it was found that for families with both parents employed, 70 per cent of mothers exercised flexible working arrangements such as flexible working hours, permanent part time work and working at home, to give adequate time for child-rearing. Women have continuously been over-represented in part-time employment, with three-quarters of all part-timers being women in August 2011. However, these arrangements limit women’s ability to excel in the labour market given that most quality positions are structured for ‘ideal workers’ that can operate under full-time hours and without familial pressures. Flexible part-time work often cripples career advancement and most are precarious casual jobs that severely lack the benefits associated with standard employment (such as leave benefits, training, and higher remuneration). Women are generally penalised in the workforce for acting as non-standard workers. The persistence of the GPG can also be attributed to the existing undervaluation of work provided in female-dominated occupations. ‘Feminised’ work is associated with lower remuneration relative to male-dominated occupations. Wooden (1999) indicated that upon controlling for individual and job characteristics, the higher concentration of females in an occupation had a significant negative influence on general earnings. It found that the unequal remuneration of male and female-dominated occupations had created a gender earnings differential of around 4 percent, or one-third of the gender wage differential. This low appreciation of feminine tasks is a serious issue given that women’s employment remain highly concentrated in clerical, sales and service jobs. The comparative worth policy being implemented in recent years may effectively tackle this issue; although at present there are still a significant number of occupations that have yet to benefit from its application. The undervaluation of work undertaken in female-concentrated occupations contributes to the gender pay gap; and the comparable worth principle must be implemented more widely to overcome this problem. Another factor which contributes to the gender earnings gap is the particularly sharp pay inequity between men and women in management. Women are underrepresented in top management and a glass-ceiling phenomenon  operates which block the climb from middle to senior management. A recent study found that 65 and 90 percent of the gender pay gap (of 27 percent) in the sample cannot be associated with managerial characteristics and is potentially caused by discrimination. It was also found that unlike men, the financial returns to experience fall in the latter years for female managers.Women’s inability to break through upper management worsens the pay inequality between the sexes. CONCLUSION Since the 1970s, considerable progress has been achieved for women’s rights. Australia’s distinct system of wage-setting has garnered substantial collective benefits for women. However this system is now in decline and women are insufficiently protected in today’s deregulating markets. Anti-discrimination laws have proved disappointing given its limited coverage to equality based on same treatment as men. There have only been modest changes to systemic discrimination due to weak substantive provisions and a lack of judicial will. In order to further combat GPE, there remains a need to deal with the undervaluation of ‘feminised’ work, the lack of flexibility in good quality positions, and the bar that inhibits women from progressing to higher positions of management. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Articles Adams, K. Lee, ‘Defining Away Discrimination’ (2006) 19 Australian Journal of Labour Law 263. Baxter, Janeen, and Chesters, Jenny, ‘Perceptions of Work-Family Balance: How Effective are Family-Friendly Policies?’ (2011) 14 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 139. Broohim, Ray and Sharp, Rhonda, ‘The Changing Male Breadwinner Model in Australia: a New Gender Order?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 1. Broomhill, Ray and Sharp, Rhonda, ‘The Changing Male Breadwinner Model in Australia: A New Gender Order?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 1. Burrow, Sharan, ‘ An Unequal World’ (2004) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 38. Campbell, Iain, ‘Casual Employment, Labour Regulation and Australian Trade Unions’ (1996) 38 Journal of Industrial Relations 571. Campbell, Iain, ‘Casual Work and Casualisation: How Does Australia Compare?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 85. Chapman, Ana, ‘Corporate Restructuring and D iscrimination’ (1998) 11 Australian Journal of Labour Law 1. Charlesworth, Sara, ‘Striking the Balance or Tipping the Scales?: The HREOC Women, Men, Work and Family Discussion Paper’(2005) 18 Australian Journal of Labour Law 313. Charlesworth, Sara, Strazdins, Lyndall, O’Brien, Lean and Sims, Sharryn, ‘Parents’ Jobs in Australia: Work Hours Polarisation and the Consequences for Job Quality and Gender Equality’ (2011) 14 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 35. Chesters, Jenny, Baxter, Janeen and Western, Mark, ‘Paid and Unpaid Work in Australian Households: Trends in the Gender Division of Labour, 1986-2005’ (2009) 12 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 89. Doussa, The Hon Jon von QC and Lenehan, Craig, ‘Barbequed or Burned? Flexibility in Work Arrangements and the Sex Discrimination Act’(2010) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 43. Frazer, Andrew, ‘Anti-Discrimination Law at Mid-life Crisis’ (2011) 24 Australian Journal of Labour Law 75. Gaze, Beth,‘Context and Interpretation in Anti-Discrimination’(2002) 26 Melbourne University Law Review 325. Gaz e, Beth, ‘The Sex Discrimination Act After Twenty Years: Achievements, Disappointments, Disillusionment and Alternatives’ (2004) 27 UNSW Law Journal 914. Gaze, Beth, ‘Twenty Years of the Sex Discrimination Act: Assessing its Achievements’ (2005) 30 Alternative Law Journal 3. Graycar, Reg, and Morgan, Jenny, ‘Thinking About Equality’ (2004) 27 UNSW Law Journal 833. Harbridge, Raymond and Walsh, Pat, ‘Globalisation and Labour Market Deregulation in Australia and New Zealand: Different Approaches, Similar Outcomes’ (2002) 24 Employee Relations 423. Harrison, Jane, ‘How Segregated are Australian Workplaces? Evidence from the Australian Industrial Relations Survey’ (2004) 7 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 329. Hunter, Rosemary, ‘Mirage of the Shrinking State’(2002) 16 The Australian Feminist Law Journal 53. Judge, Timothy and Livingston, Beth, ‘Is the Gap More than Gender? A Longitudinal Analysis o f Gender, Gender Role Orientation and Earnings’ (2008) 93 Journal of Applied Psychology 994. Knowles, Fiona, ‘Misdirection of Indirect Discrimination’ (2004) 17 Australian Journal of Labour Law 1. Lyons, Michael and Smith, Meg, ‘Gender Pay Equity, Wage Fixation and Industrial Relations Reform in Australia: One Step forward, Two Steps Backwards?’ (2007) 30 Employee Relations 4, 7. Major, Brenda, McFarlin, Dean and Gagnon, Diana, ‘Overworked and Underpaid: On the Nature of Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement’ (1984) 47 Journal of Social and Personality Psychology 1399. Preston, Alison and Whitehouse, Gillian, ‘Gender Differences in Occupation of Employment within Australia’ (2004) 7 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 309. Redman, Ronnit, ‘Litigating for gender equality: The amicus curiae role of the Sex Discrimination Commissioner’ (2004) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 15. Rees, Neil, Lindsay, Katherine and Rice, Simon, Australian Anti-Discrimination Law: Text, Cases and Materials (The Federation Press, 2008). Rubery, Jill, ‘Performance- Related Pay and the Prospects for Gender Pay Equity’ (1995) 32 Journal of Management Studies 637 Smith, Belinda, ‘Not The Baby And The Bathwater: Regulatory Reform For Equality Laws To Address Work-Family Conflict’(2006) 28 Sydney Law Review 689. Smith, Belinda, ‘From Wardley to Purvis – How Far has Australian Anti-Discrimination Law Come in 30 years?’(2008) 28 Australian Journal of Labour Law 3. Smith, Belinda, ‘It’s About Time – For A New Regulatory Approach to Equality’(2008) 36 Federal Law Review 117. Smith, Belinda, ‘Fair and Equal in the World of Work: Two Significant Federal Developments in Australian Discrimination Law’ (2010) 23 Australian Journal of Labour Law 199. Smith, Meg, ‘Limits and Possibilities: Rights-based Discourses in Australian Gender Pay Equity Reform 1969-2007’ (2009) 18 Gender, Work and Organization 180. Smith, Meg and Stewart, Andrew, ‘A New Dawn for Pay Equity? Developing an Equal Remuneration Principle under the Fair Work Act’ (2010) 23 Australian Journal of Labour Law 152. Smith, Meg, ‘Gender Equity: The Commission’s Legacy and the Challenge for Fair Work Australia’ (2011) 53 Journal of Industrial Relations 647. Watson, Ian, ‘Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market’ (2010) 13 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 49. Whitehouse, Gillian, ‘Pay Equity Prospects’ (2005) 13 Frontline 12. Wooden, Mark, ‘Gender Pay Equity and Comparable Worth in Australia: A Reassessment†™ (1999) 32 The Australian Economic Review 157.

The Debate that Lead to the Pelloponesian War essays

The Debate that Lead to the Pelloponesian War essays How does the section of Thucydides narrative about the debate at Sparta and the declaration of war show the Spartans as being unwilling to enter into a war with Athens? Thucydides is thought by some to be the true father of history; most historians before him, such as Herodotus, could be more accurately described as storytellers who were more interested in romantic sideline stories, that could be fact of fiction, than in giving an accurate and unbiased account of events. Thucydides himself writes, My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last forever. He is said to have had a passion for accuracy and contempt for myth and romance. However, it is vital to take into account when reading Thucydides narrative of the Peloponnesian war the fact that Thucydides himself was an Athenian and more than this a general in the early stages of the very war he concerns himself about. It is not unlikely that because of this his writing would show some bias against Sparta, however unintentional this may be. We might expect him to portray Sparta as the instigators of war but throughout this part of the narra tive we are constantly given hints and references to Spartas unwillingness to go to war. The section begins not as you might expect by discussing the relationship between Athens and Sparta, but Athens and Corinth. All the grievances he lists; the dispute over Corcyra and the dispute over Potidea, are between Athens and Corinth. Thucydides even states that the truce was still in force and war had not yet broken out. What had been done so far had been done on the private initiative of Corinth. The other main grievance against Athens comes from the delegates from Megara who claimed that the Athenians had broken the terms of the treaty when they excluded the Megarians from all ports in the Athenian empire and from the market in Athens itself. This shows that Spa...

Tips on Writing a Strong Personal Essay

Tips on Writing a Strong Personal Essay Tips on Writing a Strong Personal Essay If commenting on different essay types, one should definitely underline the issue of a personal essay. This is a free piece of writing where the author tells about his or her experience. Nonetheless, either narration or opinion style, the task is pretty complicated. There are certain things that belong to this type of essays. These are as follows: No search of official data is needed. No in-depth research is required. An author should write judging on his/her own experience and feelings. With the regard to the mentioned above statements, the writing process will be rather specific. The common structure (the introduction, main plot, and conclusion) will be kept. Nonetheless, there are several prompts you should keep in your memory for good. Our experts have collected the main guidelines to complete this specific piece of writing. In addition, you will learn some other smart tips. The sum of these recommendations and tips will help you craft a really impressive and correct personal essay. Begin with Engaging Opening Your introduction should be captivating and interesting. Use something unique and special. Write in a positive tone. You should get the attraction of your audience. Mind that your introductory part ought to present the fundamental question of your story. If you wish to write about your strongest trait, dwell upon this point and begin the story. Write from Your Personal Experience Commonly, all essays are dependent on the found information. Besides, it’s needed to stick to a definite writing style. Nonetheless, one of the most distinguished advantages of this particular assignment is the full freedom of thought. You have no restrictions on what to write about. This is up to you what events, personal traits or stories to reveal to your readers. You will write from your own experience and can choose any theme. In comparison to other essay types, you can likewise use any style you wish. Accordingly, this is a tremendous possibility to impress your readers and your academic supervisor with the fullest power of your originality. Therefore, be unique and creative. Stick to the Structure Though you are free to choose the topic and style, you cannot ignore the standard structure. Firstly, introduce your readers what your main aim is. Provide them with the thesis statement and start telling your story. Mind that you should describe the chosen topic from different angles. Don’t forget to mention all people or certain events that became the major influencers for your particular case. The real-life experience is supposed to flow smoothly. Write it naturally as if you were retelling it during a conversation with your friends. Be Honest One more essential point for this essay type is the truth. It should be authentic. Show your honesty and curiosity. Even if there are some events or personality traits you don’t really like, you are expected to reveal them. This is important because it makes your story full and real. Life isn’t perfect and there happen some misfortunes and black days. Therefore, uncover the hidden truth whatever its origin might be. Though it might be uncomfortable to reveal something sacred to other people, your honesty will be appreciated. It will show that you had fully depicted your private story and did not hide anything. Accordingly, your work will bring you the desired high grades. Useful Ideas You can likewise take into your consideration some smaller elements, which will help write a good personal essay. While composing your paper, consider the â€Å"to do† and â€Å"not to do† things. There are the next things you should do: Focus on personal aspects. Tell the truth. Select topics relevant to readers. Concentrate on positive concepts. Use originality and your own style. Use details. You should not: Be impersonal. Repeat the same statements. Tell lies. Choose boring topics. In the occasion, you still have no idea of how to compose this paper use samples. This is a dependable resource, which contains samples to understand this special essay better. Of course, you will receive only partial elements of a full paper. Nonetheless, you will get a better comprehension on how to fulfill each stage and section of your research.

Doves Campaign for Real Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Doves Campaign for Real Beauty - Essay Example In doing so, women are unaware that what this conformity to such a cruel standard is crushing their ego, shifting their focus on more important matters such as relationships, spiritual well-being and others to the more trivial things such as physical appearance. Dove is aware of the negative effects of today's concept of beauty to women of all ages. As a company with such an esteemed reputation as a global brand and a conscientious seller of beauty products, Dove wanted to look into these issues that women are dealing with. Together with a team of experts in their respective fields, Dove developed "The Real Truth About Beauty: A Global Report". This aimed to look deeper into the connection between women and their idea of being beautiful. Furthermore, this study intended to find out how women feel about themselves. This includes how women define their own concept of beauty, their degree of contentment in relation to their appearance and the impact of their views on their sense of happiness. (Campaign for Real Beauty). In every era, the concept of beauty changes; likewise, for every culture, there are also different standards to define beauty. Women, depending on their age, racial background have their own concepts and standards of attractiveness. Fashion spreads and television ads more often than not feature reed-thin models with flawless skin and picture-perfect features. This concept of beauty has led to most of the young women, most even in their teens to worry that they are not tall, blonde, pretty, or thin enough to measure up to this hyped up idea of loveliness. A majority of women nowadays feel that they don't hit the mark as far as physical beauty is concerned. Many young women and girls have developed issues with their body, certain facial features, skin tone, and this has paved the way for them to seek acceptance through other avenues. As a consequence, many have been lost to eating disorders, abusive relationships, substance abuse and other physical and psychological disorders. This is too hefty a price to pay for a girl who just wants nothing more than the world to accept her just the way she is. Review of Literature Dove believes that "every girl deserves to feel beautiful just the way she is". With Dove's supremacy in the business of beauty, it is a big deal that Dove has come with the "Campaign for Real Beauty" advertising campaign series. This is a revolutionary take on traditional advertising efforts as it borders towards social responsibility. Speaking of social responsibility, Dove is aware of the consequences of the impact that a company's advertising campaign may have on the people that it will reach. Dove is also conscious that with the way the world of advertising portrays beauty nowadays, peoples' views of beauty have become misrepresented to such a great extent. The launch of "Campaign for Real Beauty" is Dove's way of serving the public by attempting to correct

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The Oberoi groups

The Oberoi groups For an organization of your choice, outline a new product or process or other form of innovation. Definition of creativity and innovation: Creativity is the ability to think new idea. (This includes the ability to rethink an old idea, for example to think of a new application for an existing technology. Innovation is the process by which the new idea is put into practice. [ (center of competitiveness, 2001)] Introduction about OBEROI GROUPS: Oberoi groups are one of the Indias famous private organizations which step into the different markets in the year of 1934. It has a powerful market position for its products and services. Oberoi hotels are well known for its high quality service and luxury. A distinctive future of the Oberoi hotels is that they got their own highly motivated and well trained staff which provides a good standard quality of services which is really hard to find today. Apart from the hotel industry, Oberoi groups is engaged in the following business as well, Flight catering Airport restaurant Travel and tour services Car rentals Project managements corporate air charters. Oberoi groups has won many awards which as follows, It has been ranked as the best hotel chain (outside the U.S) in Conde Nast Travelers 2007 business Travel Awards readers survey. It has been ranked as the best hotel chain (outside the U.K) in the Guardian, Observer and guardian.co.uk Travel Awards 2008 readers survey. Rated as the second best resorts in India. And lots of other awards. [ (Oberoi hotels and resorts, 2009)] Mission: Our Guests: we are committed to meeting and exceeding the expectations of our guests through our unremitting dedication to every aspect of service. Our People: We are committed to the growth, development and welfare of our people upon whom we rely to make this happen. Our Distinctiveness: Together, we shall continue the Oberoi tradition of pioneering in the hospitality industry, striving for unsurpassed excellence in high-potential locations all the way from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific. Our Shareholders: As a result, we will create extraordinary value for our stakeholders. Vision: We see an organization which aims at leadership in the hospitality industry by understanding its guests, and designing and delivering products and services which enable it to exceed their expectations. We will always demonstrate care for our customers through anticipation of their needs, attention to detail, distinctive excellence, warmth and concern. [ (The Oberoi hotels and resorts, 2009)] A Tragic year: The Oberoi hotel in Mumbai is situated in the heart of the city and a few minutes away from lots of tourist attractions and the hotel has a beautiful view of blue sea and sky which attracts most of the tourist. And the facilities and services are always in a good slandered. Oberoi hotel is a good competitor for Taj hotel in India. But the Tragedy on 27 November 2008 was a major break down for Oberoi hotel in Mumbai. The attacks by terrorist in Oberoi trident in India shock the world by killing more than 100 peoples inside the hotel which include foreign tourists. The attack didnt only spare the life of the innocent people; it destroyed the beauty of the hotel as well. The gun shots, bombs and fire destroyed everything they touched. Terrorist turned the beautiful hotel as the graveyard for the innocent people who died in the attack. After the army killed those gunmen, the hotel reception was almost demolished. Oberoi hotel (Mumbai) was shut down for a while. Oberoi hotel even lost some of its share holders in the market. Innovation process by the organization: But all those bad things didnt stop Oberoi hotel to shut down completely. It was flashing in the news and everywhere that the Oberoi hotel was re opened a year and a half after the terror strike with the complete new look. It was published in the press that, After extensive restoration and renovation costing over 40 million dollars, the Oberoi opened its doors to guests Saturday, announcing its return with front-page newspaper advertisements that simply said: WELCOME BACK. (AGENCY, 2010) The Oberoi hotel in Mumbai is back into business now. The transformation of the hotel is completely different and is has brand new look. But what about their customers? Did they able to get back their customers? Actually they have a surprising innovation process in the organization which was highlighting in the news and press which is as follows, April 22 (Bloomberg) Indias luxury Oberoi hotel groups will open their flagship Mumbai properties in the next quarter with $6,750-a-night suites and butler services to win back tourists a year and a half after deadly terrorist attacks. The Mumbai Oberoi will reopen on April 24, charging as much as 300,000 rupees ($6,750) a night for 2,050 square foot rooms, which will include quarters for guests security officers. (SF Gate, 2010) Their innovation is that by reducing the rates and price levels, there might be a chance of getting their customers back into the business. This will also lead to attract the new customers into the hotel. This is a simple trick which is used by any kind of business in the market which is also an effective one. Usually in the market in order to sell a new product or increase the sales of the existing product, organizations normally reduce the price level. Most of the consumers fell for the cheap price. But later on the organizations will slowly increase the price level where the customers blindly buy the same product even though when the price increases. This is the same technique which the Mumbai Oberoi hotel is using now as their innovation. But this kind of innovation is normally used everywhere in this world. Although it seems to be a reasonable one. People who couldnt afford the price level before terror strikes might be interested as the price level is decreased. Their innovation in the market: As there is a recession in the todays market which is pushing the weakest industries and the organizations out of the market, lots of organizations have been kicked out of the market. This is going to be the hard time for Oberoi hotel to win back their customers. Due to the recession, lots of hospitality industries reduced their price level to attract the tourists. It is surprising that another famous hotel in Mumbai called Taj Mahal Palace was also being attacked by the terrorist on the same day as Oberoi was attacked and reopened recently. They also have reduced the price level which is more or less same level as Oberois. This is going to be a big problem for Oberoi groups. The first thought comes in the mind of people about the new Oberoi is that as they have invested lots of money in rebuilding the hotel; they are going to charge more prices for their services. But in this case, they have reduced the price level and given an additional feature like a free butler service. So this might be an advantage for the organization. The second thought is that the security level. People always criticize the poor security of the hotel. But the chairman of Oberoi hotel groups [P.R.S OBEROI], announced the press about their tight and improved security level of the new Oberoi. He stated to the press that, A big part of the focus has been to improve security. The hotel now has 150 security cameras, up from just 15 at the time of the attacks. It has 50 security personnel, five times the number it had in 2008. Visitors who drive up are greeted by a big steel gate where their cars are searched. The large windows in the lobby that overlook south Mumbais picturesque, crescent-shaped bay are now made from reinforced, shatterproof glass. (NDTV, 2010) Finally more or less they have answered almost every question about the hotel. This may lead the people to think positive about the hotel which is equal to win back their customers. Disadvantages and advantage of their Innovation: Even though their innovation seems to be a good one, there are some other few disadvantages exists which are as follows, It doesnt fit with the current market situation. Because of the recession, all other hotels have already reduced their price level which makes no difference. Maximum numbers of people will still go for the cheap price. Their innovation is very simple one which might not suite the current market situation. A huge amount of money has been invested in re-building the hotel, to win back the amount invested and their customers, there should be a powerful innovation must be implemented. This is also the time where Oberois competitors will try to overtake and try to conquer the market. But on the bright side, the one major advantage is that the Oberois major competitor called Taj is also facing the same problem. This might be a good chance for Oberoi as it will take time for their competitor to capture the market. In the mean time Oberoi can resolve the problems and get back their market position. And the other small advantage is that of the new look of the hotel. The old customers may come back to visit the brand new hotel. This will not only attract the old customers, it might bring the new customers as well which is the first step for the success after the tragedy. How to implement this innovation in the right way: The following are the major steps to implement the innovation in order to succeed any kind of business, First of all, decision making on implementing an innovation should be done by the top level management and should be very careful while implementing it. An innovation will survive in the market, only when the organization understands the market and balance it with the position of the organization in the market. And the innovation should be a powerful one where it should be a new one in the market and an attractive one as well, so that it will get the attention of others i.e. new customers. But the innovation by the Oberoi hotels is like a market tactics where it is used by others in the market. It is not a new one as the innovation is bringing something new where no one has seen it in this world. So reducing the price is not just an innovation but they have given an additional facility like a free butler service for this reasonable price which is a new process for their group. It will attract the new customers as they already know that this is going to be the temporary offer by the Oberoi group. The innovation should be a flexible one, so that any changes will not affect the any process in the organization. Because the market never remains constant. It will keep on changing according to the time and the factors which influence the change. It should also be flexible with the customers as each and every customer is different from each other. In this point of view, their innovation is quite an advantageous level. They have changed according to the time. Because of their tragedy and the recession in the market, they have done the right thing of reducing the price level and an additional free service. This will always works in the market as we have discussed above. Even though they have implemented an innovation, their process remains constant. May be the look of the hotel changed but the process remains constant. Their service to the customer didnt change or they didnt lose the entire market. Nothing changed except the look as it may brings the new customers into the business. If the innovation is more or less familiar in the market, then at least there should be an improvement in that which will make it as a different one when compared to others. The most important step is that the innovation should never affect the vision, mission and the objectives of the organization. Because the innovation is just to improve the business where the vision, mission and the objectives are the basics to survive in the competitive market. This is a good point where the Oberoi groups did achieve. They made a small difference in their innovation of offering a free butler service which makes a difference from others. It is clear that their innovation is not affecting the vision, mission and the objective of the organization. Their mission is to exceed the level of customer satisfaction. The innovation or the recession didnt affect their customer satisfaction. And the other important fact is that their innovation didnt affect the process in the Mumbai hotel or any other process of their different hotels or groups. In some cases it does happen. An impact on a single process of business will affect the entire business and even result in vanishing the organization from the market. A fine example for this scenario is that the Switzerland was dominating the watch making business in the years of 1968. They had a huge profit and powerful market implementations. They were well known as good inventors. But later in 1980, the market collapsed and lots of watch making employees lost their job. The Switzerland lost their market because of their new competitor called Seiko which grabbed the opportunity of making electronic quartz which was rejected by Switzerland. It is clear that the Switzerland was continuously making watch without changing the fundamental rules and didnt bother about their external environment. (STUDY UP, 2009). And the market never remain stable, it changes all the time as per the time and the need of the customers. Especially in the hotel industry, the market never remains constant. So if an organization fails to take a look over the external fit or fails to look after the defects which affects the organizations process, then there is a plenty of change for their competitors to take over their business and leads the market which will end up in winding up the business. When comparing to that example, it is clear that the changes in the Mumbai Oberoi hotel didnt chance any process in the hotel as well as the other hotels of its own group. Even though they have invested a lot of funds in re building the hotel, they didnt suffer that much. It is in the press that they are planning to open new hotels in India and abroad in a very few years. The Oberoi Group is planning to launch a luxury hotel in Goa. Goa is going to witness development of 12 new hotels over a period of 3-5 years, according to a survey by Federation Of Hotel and Restaurant Associations Of India and HVS International. The Oberoi could be one of these 12 new hotels. (ITOPC). It shows that how powerful their financial background is even in their tragic time period and their excellent survival in the market. And one of their major competitors in India is Taj hotel groups which were also attacked by the terrorist at the same time when the Oberoi was. This is a big advantage for Oberoi groups as their competitor is also facing the same problem. It is interesting that the innovation by the Oberoi hotel is more or less familiar with the Taj hotel groups where they have also reduced the price level after they have reopened their hotel in Mumbai. Taj hotel has reduced their price level to 3, 50,000 rupees per night where Oberois price level is 3, 00,000 rupees per night. The price level of Oberoi is little less when compared to the Taj hotel groups which is an advantage for Oberoi groups. In addition the Oberoi hotel now offers a free butler service for that reasonable price which s also an advantage and will be an effective one in the market. There is a scope that it will grasp the attention of the customers in the market and brings them into the business. In this way they have made a differe nce which is an advantage for Oberoi groups as we have discussed above that the majority for people always falls for the cheap market price. But only reducing the price level is not enough to survive in the competitive market. In order to face the market in a recession time, there should be a change in the general process in the organization, more importantly not the main process of the organization. For example as the Oberoi groups comes under the hospitality industry, it has a major opportunity to survive even in the recession time. There is always a scope for tourism and hospitality industry no matter what is happening in the market. Even though there is a recession in the market, Oberoi hotel groups are in the bright side where the hospitality industries are less affected when comparing to other industries. Understanding the problem of Mumbai Oberoi groups, what they could do now is to make a difference in their customer satisfaction level. The hotel is already known for its customer satisfactory level. Even though a small good change in a good process will be more effective than a normal one. By improving their customer satisfaction, they might be able to win back their customers which are equal to achieve their goals and objectives. (Vision, mission). It is very important that Oberoi hotel groups should not keep this low price tactics for a very long time. They should get back to their normal price as soon as they win back their customers or the market come back to the normal state. As they have invested lots of money on the Mumbai hotel, they should also look over the future and make some long term plans as well. They should not only concentrate on winning back their customers, they should also look for winning back their money which is invested in re-building the hotel and capture the market. Only bringing something new to this world is not easy as it seems. It should also reach the customers knowledge without which even a powerful innovation is nothing but a waste idea. In todays world there are plenty of ways where anything could be passes to the public knowledge. There are lots of media for everything. In this case, the Oberoi hotel groups used lots of media to pass their innovation in the knowledge of the people. This could also be a threatening factor as this may lead to the duplication of ideas by the other organizations in the market. But in this case, most of the percentage falls on the positive side which is a good favor for the Oberoi hotel groups. Conclusion: The Oberoi hotel group seems to be a struggling fish in the hooks of the terrorism and the bad market. But it is not yet pulled out of the water (market). It is pulling itself to survive. The hotel was being attacked by the terrorist and completely destroyed, at the time they were ready to get back into the business, the market was far worse than they expected. But they didnt slip out of the market. With their powerful financial background, they are back into business and stepping into their normal level which shows that they could do better in the near future. Their innovation was a simple one it seems to be an effective one in the market. It didnt affect any of its process and the innovation didnt cause any big changes in the organization. These are the very basic points for bringing the innovation in the market which are all achieved by the Oberoi hotel groups. And their major competitor is also facing the same problem which is also a positive climate for the Oberoi hotel groups in the market. May be their hotel was completely destroyed by those terrorist but they are back into business with a promising high tight security which helps the public to have a confident to walk into the hotel again without any of those death fear. Though there are some threats in the market, it is just a stepping stone for the Oberoi hotel groups for their bright future. On an overall basis, we have covered everything about the basic idea of the Oberoi hotel groups and their marketing position. We have also discussed about their innovation process and how they have implemented their innovation in the market and how successful it worked and also given a suggestion of how it could be more effective. It is important to note that there is always a bright fortune for the hospitality industry in this world as the human expectations are always a head then their imagination. So there is a bright scope for the Oberoi hotel groups which is very near and crystal clear. Bibliography: (2010). Retrieved APRIL 1, 2010, from NDTV: http://www.ndtv.com/news/cities/a-mumbai-hotel-reopens-grander-than-before-20545.php AGENCY, T. N. (2010, APRIL 24). TREND NEWS AGENCY. Retrieved MAY 1, 2010, from http://en.trend.az/regions/world/ocountries/1675687.html center of competitiveness. (2001). Retrieved 4 13, 2010, from http://www.cforc.org/newsdata/news.asp?StoryID=73 ITOPC. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 28, 2010, from ITOPC: http://www.itopc.org/travel-trade/new-hotels-in-pipeline.html Oberoi hotels and resorts. (2009). Retrieved 4 25, 2010, from http://www.oberoihotels.com/awards.asp SF Gate. (2010, APRIL 21). Retrieved MAY 1, 2010, from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2010/04/21/bloomberg1376-L19D6Z1A1I4H-1.DTL STUDY UP. (2009). Retrieved 4 11, 2010, from STUDY UP: http://studyup.cut-the-knot.org/factors/externalenvironmentalfactors.html The Oberoi hotels and resorts. (2009). Retrieved 4 25, 2010, from http://www.oberoihotels.com/about_us/mission_and_vision.asp