The Budget Is The Most Important Policy Tool Of Government

The budget is the most important policy tool of government, affecting the ability to implement any given policy successfully. As such, a budget is more than the sum of its balance sheets; it is a statement on the social and economic priorities of a government. Although budgets are perceived to be gender-neutral, they are in reality gender-blind . To address the differential impact of government expenditures and revenue on men and women, gender responsive budgeting (GRB) has developed as a strategy to promote gender equality and create accountability for governments to uphold their national policy commitments to women. Since the mid-1980s, UN Women has worked with a few dozen countries to adopt some form of gender responsive budgeting, and with varying success of impact on gender outcomes and on resource distribution. Understanding which factors increase the likelihood that GRB will have a positive impact is necessary in order for countries to implement best practices. Evidence from country based case studies identifies several factors which enable positive outcomes from GRB. Unsurprisingly, a key factor that is shown to play a vital in the effectiveness of GRB is supporting women s participation in planning and budgeting. A gender perspective needs to be built into each stage of budget development, or else concerns for women risk being overlooked. As women are the greatest proponents of gender equality and women’s empowerment, effective gender-mainstreaming requiresShow MoreRelatedThe Land Banking Policy On The Countys Planned Programming Budget Systems1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Land Banking policy contributes heavily to the County s Planned-Programming Budget Systems. (PPBS), a type of budgeting that stresses the use of analytical techniques to improve policy-making. the format that comes closest to rational budget decision-making. 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[7] Allocation of sufficient resources to the health sector has been a mirage to various nations and this has necessitated the need to search for various avenues for healthcare financingRead MoreEconomic Development Of A Country1027 Words   |  5 Pagesmany more, but the most important characteristic is the economic activity of a country, therefore it should be promoted over any type of characteristics. Fiscal policy is a very important part of the economic. Its foundation were laid after the great depression of 1929. Fiscal policy can be defined as action by which the leaders of a country regulate their spending level and tax rates in order to control and influence the economy of the country. The national goal of the government is to increase the

Medical Ethics And Ethics Of Biotechnology Essay - 2394 Words

Medical ethics and, more specifically, the ethics of biotechnology have gotten increasing attention in recent years, both in popular culture and in the scholarly literature. With the advent new technologies such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis and CRISPR/Cas9, genetically engineering children could become a possibility in the near future. The idea that parents could design their ideal child raises many moral and ethical questions including what the role of parents should be, how the aforementioned technologies could increase inequality, and how certain traits are deemed desirable. Before these very advanced technologies were even able to inspire such complex questions, however, the amniocentesis was also a very widely debated topic. An amniocentesis involves removing a small amount of amniotic fluid which contains some fetal tissue and is often used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities within the developing fetus. Many couples, including Mary and Steve Smith, have had to decide whether they wanted an amniocentesis performed. This paper aims to answer the dilemma that Mary and Steve faced by analyzing, refuting, and synthesizing the many arguments that discuss whether parents should choose to have an amniocentesis performed and then potentially terminate the pregnancy based on the results. As this paper will argue for which specific actions Mary and Steve should take, it is important to know their entire story. In the mid-1990s, Mary and Steve became pregnant withShow MoreRelatedTechnology Impact On Health Care1295 Words   |  6 Pagesand remains to offer viable benefits that were at one point considered unrealistic. Human civilization over the past decades has taken great pains to advance their technological understandings (Lambdin, 2011). Moreover, medical biotechnology is can be defined as red biotechnology, and deals with the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. 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Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologie s such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MoreDustin Peacher . Engl 1302.C09. Professor Mccovery. April985 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Support of Genetic Engineering and it s Ethics How far would you go to save human lives and to progress society for those in need? The benefits of genetic engineering have shown to outweigh the ethical and environmental consequences associated within the field. Genetic Engineering has shown to provide major benefits in the field of medicine and agriculture but is faced with extreme criticism and backlash, specifically on the basis of ethics. To understand the modern concept over field ofRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandel983 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment, he has also delved deeply into the ethics of biotechnology. At Harvard, Sandel has taught a course called Ethics, Biotechnology, and the Future of Human Nature and from 2002 to 2005 he served on the President’s Council on Bioethics (Harvard University Department of Government, 2013). In 2007, Sandel published his book, The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering, in which he explains unethical implications biotechnology has and may have in the near future regardingRead MoreBiotechnology: A Tool of Body Manipulation Essay896 Words   |  4 Pageshow biotechnology as a tool of body manipulation and enhancement can redefine the contemporary notion of the human and life in a more ethical and aesthetical way. My argument will address ways in which art that engages with biotechnology as its medium, can give a more tan gible because ethically and aesthetically combined understanding of life and the human body. I will focus on selected case studies that work with biotechnology to study ways in which art, can reveal the power of biotechnology to actRead MoreSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology723 Words   |  3 PagesSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology Biotechnology is technology based on living organisms. It harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies or products which are immensely useful to mankind. Biotechnology modifies living organisms according to our needs. Humans have employed this tool in the fields of agriculture, food industry and medicine for more than 6000 years. We see numerous biotechnological applications in our every-day life. Preparation of food productsRead MoreBiocentric Ethics Analysis Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Biocentric Ethics Analysis SCI/362 - Environmental Issues and Ethics January 27, 2014 Howard Schmidt, M.S., M.B.A. Biocentric Ethics Analysis Inherent and intrinsic value both refer to the value that is within the item or organism, it has value in and of itself; the value within the item or organism is â€Å"independent of the interests, needs, or uses of anyone else† (DesJardins, 2013, p. 113). Inherent value refers to the value that is found or recognized within the item or organism;Read MorePharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (Phrma)855 Words   |  4 Pagespharmaceutical and biotechnology research companies.† [ (PhRMA Reasearch, Progress, Hope Health Coutcomes Reasearch, 2013) ] PhRMA does extensive research on the different medical treatments from a variety of sources. The research gives the patient as well as the doctors and other healthcare professionals the education to be able to make the best decisions possible with treatments for each different individual as well as the support of the Government in this research.â€Å"The economics of medical product developmentRead MoreA Resear ch On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 Pagesof biotechnology will affect human, animal and plant life in the future. While the continuous advancements within the field of genetic engineering are celebrated by some, there are others who are undecided and even strongly against it; deeming such practices as therapeutic uses of embryonic stem cells and the genetic modification of animals to be wholly unethical. The way in which society deems something to right or wrong, or good or bad is through a system of moral principles known as ethics. Ethics

American Propaganda In World War II - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 899 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Politics Essay Level High school Topics: Propaganda Essay Did you like this example? American Propaganda in World War II sounded interesting. It sounded interesting because I was curious how propaganda could benefit the US in world war II. At the same time, I wanted to understand what propaganda was all about. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Propaganda In World War II" essay for you Create order When I think of propaganda, I think of hatred toward another country. What also comes to mind is comic books, magazines, newspapers, radio, posters, even television that would show propaganda. While discussing this topic with my Grandma over Christmas break, she especially remembered comic books and movies showing propaganda. When investigating the use of propaganda in world war II, I have come to believe that propaganda was mainly used to try and influence both neutral and enemy counties, basically, try and shape international oppinion. Propaganda impacted the America citizens during world war II because it encouraged American people to enlist in the military, assisted the war by mandating Americans to buy war bonds, persuaded the Americans to ration materials and impacted influential public opinion in neutral countries. Propaganda had a huge impact on Americans enlisting into the military, in fact, 16 million Americans enlisted in the military during that time. The U.S Government was able to use propaganda to get the American people to enlist in the military. Many people joined the military just because they saw the adds. Propaganda had the ability to show people how devistating another country could be and how the US needed to defeat the enemies. Therefore, the US needed to be involved to stop other countries that were trying to enforce their beliefs on the whole world. Some people consider propaganda as a weapon because it can be seen by the enemys country. Propaganda can defeat other countries in some ways. In other words, Propaganda was able to shape peoples opinions about the enemy. Political propaganda touched on mans sense of being a man. Propaganda also tried to show that a woman wanted to be a part of the military forces. The military played a huge role influenced by Propaganda during World War II. However, buying war bonds also helped the U.S conserve their resources and not run out of materials that they need. Having war bonds assisted the US by taking money out of circulation, so one could only use war bonds to get the supplies that one needed and one could only get a certain amount of war bonds. The number of war bonds one got was based on the size of one’s family. War bonds were used to buy materials, food and other supplies that one might need in one’s daily life. When using war bonds the US is basically saying theres a limited supply of a product that one can get in a month. There really was no way of getting more product unless somebody would give one an extra war bond. However the US government really never issued extra war bonds. Rationed materials and foods seemed to be the thing to do during world war II. With the many challenges the American people went through during this time, it was necessary to ration gas, food and clothing. Every person was affected by the war and all had to react and be proactive, Rationing was introduced to prevent public anger with the shortages and not have only the wealthy be able to purchase items. Propaganda was used by Government -sponsored ads and radio shows. Pamphlets were even dispersed asking Americans to comply. Propaganda was a highly effective tool to get a communication out to the American people. Each family was given â€Å"Red Stamps and Blue Stamps†. â€Å"Red Stamps† were to purchase meats, butter, fat and oils and at times cheese. The â€Å"Blue Stamp† was to purchase fruits that were canned or bottles. Also, juices, and dry beans, soups, processed food, baby food, and ketchup. Actual training sessions were developed for women to teach them how to shop wisely and prepare nutritious meals for their families. Propaganda played a role in assisting all citizens to comply. Influencing International opinion was very important during the World War II and propaganda was used as the United States weapon. Propaganda was seen as a forcible form of purposeful persuasion that was an attempt to influence the attitudes and emotions of the American citizens. The targeted audience was for a political or commercial purpose. Messages were controlled and meant to be one-sided messages. This information could be factual or non-factual. However, it was delivered via mass and direct media to persuade people to believe what is being portrayed. Propaganda had a huge impact on public opinion, it influenced and persuaded society. Propaganda was the key when attempting to grab the mass media and be used as a way to provide information to educate and inform the American society. In conclusion, I believe that propaganda has impacted the America citizens during world war II as many American people were encouraged to enlist in the military. Citizens also assisted the war by buying war bonds and worked hard to ration materials. The biggest impact I noticed was the influential public opinion in neutral countries and the hardcore persuasion of the American people. Propaganda was made to influence citizens that another country what is in the wrong. True or untrue propaganda was there to influence peoples opinions about other countries. in my opinion I feel like propaganda was one of the ways America won the war.

Ilm Leadership - 859 Words

Title: Assessing your own leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meeting organisational values and goals 2.1 Assess own ability to apply different leadership styles in a range of situations Assess own ability to communicate the organisation’s values and goals to staff in own area Assess own ability to motivate†¦show more content†¦d different leadership styles, such as: the trait approach to leadership the behavioural school (McGregor, Blake and Mouton) the contingency or situational school (Fielder, Hersey-Blanchard, Tannenbaum and Schmidt, Adair) leaders and followers (Servant Leadership, Team Leadership, Transactional and Transformational) dispersed leadership The key responsibilities of the leadership role in terms of: taking responsibility contributing to overall vision and goals setting and providing guidance on values setting direction for significant programmes or projects stimulating innovation and enterprise anticipating, planning for and leading change overcoming obstacles delegating setting objectives for teams and individuals communicating and motivating support ing and developing programmes, projects, teams and individuals modelling appropriate behaviour representing the team and feeding back its experiences and views protecting the team and its members Assessing the impact of different leadership styles Organisational values and acceptable standards of behaviour in the organisation Organisational values and organisational purpose, vision and mission Management Standards Centre (MSC) Business Management Institute of Leadership Management Private 01/01/2008 15 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2 †¢ †¢ †¢ Theories and principles of delegating responsibility and empowering others The critical importance of the leader gaining the motivation and commitment of others Critiques of the main theoriesShow MoreRelatedIlm Understanding Leadership Essay3166 Words   |  13 PagesUnderstanding Leadership Styles There are a number of factors that will influence the style of leadership a leader may choose, such as: The working environment, The task or project that is being tackled, The staff themselves and their preferred style of working, along with their personal traits and qualities How do you determine what is an appropriate style? Any leader uses a range of different styles at different times during the course of a single day. Decisions have to be made and it mayRead MoreILM L3 8600 308 Understanding Leadership1604 Words   |  7 PagesILM Level 3 Unit 8600-308 Understanding Leadership Assignment 1. Understand leadership styles 1.1 Describe the factors that will influence the choice of leadership styles or behaviours in workplace situations All situations are different and a leadership style applied in one situation will not always work in another. A leader must use judgement to decide the most appropriate style needed for each situation. The ‘Situational Approach’ to leadership identifies four leadership styles which are; Read MoreEssay about ILM Leadership and management4055 Words   |  17 Pages Name: Date: ILM Level 3 Award in Leadership and Management Assignment 8600-339: Understanding good practice in workplace coaching 1. 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An evaluation of my own ability to use a range of leadership styles, in different situations and with different types of people, to fulfil the leadership role. There are in essence, four core leadership theory groups [1], which are: Trait theories, Behavioural theories, Contingency theories and Power and influence theories. I strongly believe that

Relationships Among Service Quality Free Essays

string(133) " overall judgment of satisfaction or decomposed into satisfaction with performance or quality attributes \(Cronin and Taylor 1992\)\." Relationships among Service Quality, Image, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in a Hong Kong Franchised Bus Company Iris M. H. Yeung* Abstract Market share of franchised buses in Hong Kong decreases since 2004 irrespective of increase in service quality as reported by Tang and Lo (2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships Among Service Quality or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper investigates how service quality, image, satisfaction and loyalty are related to gain insight on the decreasing market share problem based on data collected from passengers of a franchised bus company in Hong Kong in 2004. The structural equation modelling results support the hypothesis that (1) service quality affects satisfaction and image directly, (2) image affects overall satisfaction and loyalty directly, and (3) overall satisfaction affects loyalty directly. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that service quality affects loyalty directly. Service quality has only indirect effect on loyalty through image and overall satisfaction. So even though the service quality may be increasing, the indirect effect of service quality on loyalty is not adequate to increase market share. Keywords: image, loyalty, public transport, satisfaction, service quality, structural equation model. Field of Study: Customer Service and Customer Relations Introduction In Hong Kong, public transport is the dominant transport mode, accounting for approximately 90% of daily passenger journeys over the past 10 years (Transport Department (1999, 2003)). Public transport comprises railways, franchised buses, public light buses, taxi service, non-franchised bus services for residents, ferries, railway feeder buses, and peak tramways. Among these modes, railways and franchised buses play an important role, carrying over seven million passenger journeys per day, or approximately 70% of the total public transport patronage (Transport Department (1995–2010)). Market share of franchised buses is generally higher than that of railways. In 2002, market share of franchised buses peaked at 39. 8%, whereas market share of railways at the time was a mere 32. 3%. However, with the opening of new rails, market shares of franchised buses and railways were 32. 4% and 38. 8% respectively in 2010. Other than competition from other modes, franchised buses compete with each other as well for the operating right of new bus routes. Moreover, the franchise can be terminated based on poor performance. Thus, service quality is essential to maintain market share and increase profitability under fierce competition. Iris M. H. Yeung , Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon,Hong Kong, Tel. : + 852-3442-8566; Fax: + 852-3442-0189, E-mail address: msiris@cityu. edu. hk (I. M. H. Yeung) Yeung In fact, quality of services for both railways and franchised buses has continuously improved over the past years. Using Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and Kowloon Motor Bus Limited (KMB) as references, Tang and Lo (2010) commented that the quality of rail and bus service provision improved from 1984 to 2004, particularly in terms of service supply and based on technical measures such as vehicle-kilometre per capita and real fare increase rate. However, market share of franchised buses, including KMB, started to drop since 2004 irrespective of increase in service quality as reported by Tang and Lo (2010). As passengers decide on which transport mode to take, this paper investigates how service quality, image, satisfaction and loyalty are related in order to gain insight into decreasing market share problem from passengers? perspective. In line with Tang and Lo? s study, the analysis is based on a data set collected from passengers in 2004. Further, among all the franchised bus operators in Hong Kong, KMB has the longest history and is currently the largest, occupying approximately 70% of the franchised bus share in Hong Kong. Thus, KMB? quality of service affects many people in Hong Kong; it is of interest to a large share of the population and therefore merits investigation. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the literature review of the four constructs and the research hypothesis of the proposed structural model. Section 3 describes the research methodology. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and s tructural equation model (SEM) are provided in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the concluding remarks with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research directions. Literature Review Service quality Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988) developed the SERVQUAL instrument, which consists of 22 attributes under five distinct dimensions (i. e. , reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness). They defined service quality as the difference or gap between customers? expectations and perceived performance and proposed to use gap scores to measure service quality. Despite the widespread use of SERVQUAL in various industries and countries, some scholars such as Brady et al. (2002), Cronin and Taylor (1992, 1994), Zhao et al. 2002) reported that service quality is more accurately assessed by the perceptions of quality rather than the „gap? scores. Another criticism on the SERVQUAL instrument is that the 22 associated attributes have been deemed inappropriate, or that they cannot be simply adopted for measuring service quality in all service industries (Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Lai and Chen, 2011). According to Ladhari (2009), 30 industry- specific measures of service quality have been developed between 1990 and 2007 in different industries and countries. Corporate image Corporate image can be defined as the overall impression that is formed in people? minds about a firm (Barich and Kotler 1991). Some researchers thought that service quality affects image (See, for example, Ostrowski et al (1993), Aydin and Ozer (2005), Nguyen and LeBlanc 1998). Also, it has been reported that corporate image can also affect customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (see, for example, Hart and Rosenberger 2004). 2 Yeung Customer satisfaction According to Oliver (1997, 2010), customer satisfaction is defined as a judgment that a product or service provided a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment. Also there are two levels of individual consumer? satisfaction: transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. Transaction-specific satisfaction or encounter satisfaction is identified as a fulfillment response to a single transaction or encounter, whereas cumulative satisfaction is a judgment based on many occurrences of the same experience and not just one-time experience. For both cases (encounter satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction), satisfaction is either defined as an overall judgment of satisfaction or decomposed into satisfaction with performance or quality attributes (Cronin and Taylor 1992). You read "Relationships Among Service Quality" in category "Essay examples" Overall† â€Å"cumulative† satisfaction is commonly used by researchers such as Mittal et al. 1999 and Spreng et al. 1996. Loyalty According to Oliver (1997 P392;2010), loyalty is defined as â€Å"a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts that have the potential to cause switching behavior†. There are two appr oaches to customer loyalty: behavioural and attitudinal. Behavioral loyalty refers to a customer? s actual behavior to repeat purchases of products or services and recommend whereas attitudinal loyalty refers to a customer? s intention to repurchase and willingness to recommend. Attitudinal loyalty is more commonly used in many research studies (Loureiro and Kastenholz 2011) and relatively easy to measure. Relationships among perceived service quality, corporate image, overall satisfaction, and loyalty There is much previous research exploring the quality-satisfaction-loyalty (QSL) relationship. It is generally believed in marketing and service industries that (1) good service quality results in customer satisfaction, (2) good service quality attracts customers and hence lead to customer loyalty and (3) high satisfaction level is likely to create customer loyalty. However, it has also been reported that satisfaction may not be adequate enough to lead to loyalty, though loyal customers are almost typically satisfied (Cronin and Taylor 1992; Cronin et al 2000). Furthermore, corporate image is also found to affect customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customers who develop a positive image towards a company will tend to have high customer satisfaction through a halo effect (see for example, Hart and Rosenberger 2004; Lai et al 2009). Hart and Rosenberger (2004) reported that image has a â€Å"marginally significant† direct effect on customer loyalty, but a substantial effect mediated by customer satisfaction. Therefore, image can affect loyalty directly and indirectly. Based on the above literature review, this paper considers the structural model presented in Figure 1. The hypothesis proposed in the model are given below: H1: Service quality has a significant, positive and direct effect on orporate image. 3 Yeung H2: Service quality has significant, positive, and direct effect on customer satisfaction. H3: Service quality has a significant, positive and direct effect on loyalty. H4: Corporate image has a significant, positive and direct effect on customer satisfaction. H5: Corporate image has a significant, positive and di rect effect on loyalty. H6: Customer satisfaction has a significant, positive and direct effect on loyalty. Methodology Sampling and Data Collection The target population of this study comprises purely KMB passengers. KMB has three main types of bus routes running through urban Kowloon, the New Territories, and crossharbour. Stratified sampling was employed to select the bus routes within each type of stratum: urban Kowloon, New Territories, and cross-harbour. Passengers over 16 years old waiting at the bus stops or stations to ride the selected bus routes and had ridden a KMB bus in the previous month were invited for interview. A total of 855 passengers were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire; only 636 samples were valid and included in the analysis. Successful response rate was 74. %. To complete the questionnaire, passengers must be waiting for the bus at the bus stop. It should be noted that passengers arriving at the bus stop and boarding the bus immediately with little or no waiting period are relatively difficult to interview. Thus, the questionnaire must be as short as possible to encourage response, taking into consideration that respondents may easily lose their patience or may be in a hurry, as well as the fact that buses may arrive during the interview. The time for conducting the survey was scheduled from 7:00 a. m. to 11:00 p. m. n both weekdays and weekends to interview both peak-hour and non-peak-hour passengers. The interview was conducted in Cantonese in March 2004. Measurement and Data Analysis Based on a comprehensive review of the transport literature, detailed search on the printed materials and KMB Web sites, and results of focus groups, 15 attributes of service quality were derived. The order of these attributes in the questionnaire is as follows: clarity of bus number design, bus route map, bus stop location, fare, discount, bus frequency, bus punctuality, bus service time, bus route coverage, travelling/driving safety, driver attitude (anything related to he driver other than driving such as politeness and friendliness, caring about the safety of passengers when they board get on or off the bus), bus cleanliness, seat design (such as c omfort, seat layout, leg space), air-conditioning, and bus stop information. Passengers? perception of the performance of service quality are measured by asking them to rate each service quality attribute on a satisfaction scale (1 = very dissatisfied and 5 = very satisfied). This type of measurement scale is used by researchers such as Huang et al. (2006), Lin et al. (2011), and Tam et al. (2005). The overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty are measured by a singleitem. Although the use of single-item measures may weaken the estimated relationships, such measures have been used successfully in many research studies (see for example, Bolton and Drew 1991; Bolton and Lemon 1999; Cronin and Taylor 1992; Brunner et al 2008; Mittal, Kumar and Tsiros 1999). As mentioned above, the questionnaire must be short enough to encourage response. Use of multi-item scales for overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty will mean longer questionnaire and may affect the response rate and overall reliability. Therefore, single-item measures for these three constructs are considered adequate for this exploratory study. 4 Yeung Overall satisfaction is measured on a 5-point Likert scale with (1=very dissatisfied and 5 = very satisfied). As the respondents had ridden a KMB bus in the previous month, â€Å"overall† cumulative satisfaction is appropriate in this study. Corporate image is measured on a five-point scale from â€Å"very bad† to â€Å"very good† whereas customer loyalty is measured by the intention to increase ridership in the coming month on a five-point scale from â€Å"definitely will not† to â€Å"definitely will†. Repurchase intention and willingness to recommend others are two common indicators of loyalty. As Hong Kong people are already familiar with KMB and its service and hence it is less necessary for the respondents to recommend KMB bus service to others, so this study uses repurchase intention only to measure loyalty. In this paper, we conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) to these data. Results and Discussion Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Because two attributes – „bus route coverage? and „bus stop information? have cross loading and low reliability problems, EFA is performed on the remaining 13 service quality attributes using principle axis factoring extraction method and orthogonal rotation. The results of EFA on perceived service quality are shown in Table 1. Five factors with eigenvalue greater than one are retained. The factors are labelled as follows. Factor 1 is highly r elated with bus punctuality, bus frequency, and service time; thus, it represents reliability. Factor 2 is highly related with bus route map, bus number sign, and bus stop information; thus, it represents bus travelling information. Factor 3 is highly related with seat arrangement, air-conditioning, and cleanliness; thus, it represents bus environment. Factor 4 is highly related with fare and discount; thus, it represents price factor. Finally, Factor 5 is highly related with driver attitude and travel safety; thus, it represents driving or travelling factor. Cronbach? s alpha level for the five factors varies from 0. 658 to 0. 745, which are above the generally agreed lower limit of 0. 6 and hence suggesting high internal consistency among the variables within each factor (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). The results of performing CFA on the perceived service quality scores are shown in Tables 2a and 2b respectively. All goodness of fit statistics shown in the bottom part of Table 2a suggest that the measurement model for the service quality has a good fit to the data : small ratio of chi-square value to degrees of freedom (2. 03); goodness of fit index (GFI), goodness of fit index adjusted for degrees of freedom (AGFI), Bentler? s comparative fit index (CFI), normed fit index (NFI), and non-normed fit index (NNFI) are greater than the threshold value of 0. ; and root mean square residual (RMR) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) are more below the threshold value of 0. 05. The measurement model for the service quality also has high validity and reliability. Firstly, standardized factor loadings and t values of the factor loadings being significantly different from zero at the 0. 001 level support the convergent validity of all attributes. Further, as none of the corre lation between the factors is greater than the square root of the AVE for the corresponding factors (see Table 2b), the perceived service quality scores demonstrate discriminant validity. Secondly, the composite reliability of all five factors exceeds the minimally acceptable value of 0. 6. Moreover, four out of five factors have variance extracted estimate (AVE) greater than or close to the threshold value of 0. 5. Only the „bus environment? factor has an average variance estimate below the threshold value. However, this test is conservative. Therefore, as a whole, it can be concluded that the perceived service quality scores have 5 Yeung good reliability. Five summated scales are created and used as indicators for the latent construct â€Å"perceived service quality† in the subsequent structural equation model. Structural equation model (SEM) A structural model is fit to the perceived service quality, corporate image, overall satisfaction and loyalty data according to the model structure given in Figure 1. The path between service quality and loyalty is found to be insignificant and dropped based on Wald tests. The goodness of fit indices for the revised structural model, shown in the bottom part of Table 3, suggest a good fit to the data: small ratio of chisquare to degree of freedom ( 2), great values of GFI, AGFI, CFI, NFI, NNFI ( 0,9) and small RMR and RMSEA values ( 0. 05). The estimation results in Table 3 indicate that both H1 (quality ? image) and H2 (quality ? satisfaction) are strongly supported, with standardized path coefficients of 0. 523 and 0. 386 respectively. However, H3 (quality ? loyalty) is not supported based on insignificant standardized path coefficient. It can be seen below that service quality has only indirect effect on loyalty through overall satisfaction and corporate image. So it indicates that high service quality is not adequate to create loyal customers for franchised bus company. The estimation results show moderate support for H4 (image ? atisfaction) with the standardized path coefficient of 0. 192 whereas weak support for H5 (image ? loyalty) and H6 (satisfaction ? loyalty), with the corresponding standardized path coefficients of 0. 105 and 0. 124 respectively. To summarize, the results support five out of six hypothesis (H1 – H2, H4 – H6). Furthermore, the magnitude of the support is strong for H1 and H2, m edium for H4 and weak for H5 and H6. In terms of explanatory power, the model accounts for 26. 3% of the variance in overall satisfaction, 27. 4% of the variance in image and 3. 6% of the variance in loyalty. In other words, he model has medium explanatory power for both overall satisfaction and image but low explanatory power for loyalty. The low explanatory power for loyalty may imply that there is not much guarantee that a customer with good perceived service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image will be loyal and repeat purchase. The management should consider other factors that affect loyalty apart from service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image. The direct, indirect and total effects of service quality, corporate image and overall satisfaction on loyalty is given in Table 4. It is interesting to see that corporate image plays a more important role than overall satisfaction in affecting loyalty, which are consistent with the findings of researchers such as Abdullah 2000. Concluding Remarks EFA concludes that there are five factors behind the perceived service quality scores. According to CFA, the measurement model for this five-factor structure performs well in terms of validity and reliability and hence five summated scales can be used as indicators for service quality in developing structural model. SEM supports the sequence: service quality ? corporate image? verall satisfaction? loyalty. However, it is found that service quality affects loyalty only indirectly through overall satisfaction and corporate image. So it may explain why high service quality is not adequate to lead to customer loyalty. The table of indirect, direct and total effects of service quality, overall satisfaction and image on loyalty shows that corporate image has higher total impa ct on loyalty, as 6 Yeung compared with satisfaction. So to increase loyalty, improving the corporate image of KMB in passengers? mind is more important than improving satisfaction. As the explanatory power of these three constructs (service quality, overall satisfaction and image) for loyalty is very low (3. 6%), it seems that efforts are still needed to increase loyalty through other means. There are several limitations in this study. The generalizability of this study is limited due to three reasons. Firstly, this study used one single item only to measure overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty to reduce the burden of respondents and the time for the interview. For further research, multiple-item scales are preferred so that their validity and eliability can be assessed through CFA. Also they may enhance the interpretation and prediction of overall satisfaction and loyalty. Secondly, the analysis is based on a survey data set collected in March 2004 when the market share of franchised buses such as KMB began to decrease. However, further study is necessary to examine whether the relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate image and customer loyalty change with time. Thirdly, the explanatory power for loyalty in terms of service quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image is low. Further analysis to investigate the predictors of loyalty other than service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image is needed. References Abdullah M, Al-Nasser A and Husain N (2000). â€Å"Evaluating functional relationship between image, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty using general maximum entropy†, Total Quality Management, vol 11, P. S826-9. Aydin S and Ozer G (2005). â€Å"The analysis of antecedents of customer loyalty in the Turkish mobile telecommunication market. † European Journal of Marketing, 39 (7/8), P910-925. Barich H and Kotler P (1991),†A framework for marketing image management,†, Sloan Management Review, P94-104. Bolton R N and Drew J H (1991). â€Å"A multistage model of customers? assessments of service quality and value. †, Journal of Consumer Research, 17 (March), P375-384. Bolton R N and Lemon K N (1999). â€Å"A dynamic model of customers? usage of services: usage as antecedent and consequence of satisfaction. † Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (2), 171-186. Brady MK, Cronin JJ and Brand R (2002) Performance only measurement of service quality: A replication and extension. Journal of Business Research 55:17-31 Brunner T A, Stocklin M and Opwis K (2008). â€Å"Satisfaction, image and loyalty: new versus experienced customers. † European Journal of Marketing, 42 (9/10), p1095-1105. Cronin J J and Taylor S A (1992). â€Å"Measuring Service Quality: A Reexamination and Extension. †, Journal of Marketing, 56 (July): 55-68. Cronin JJ, Taylor SA (1994) SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL: Reconciling performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measurements of service quality. Journal of Marketing 58:125-131. 7 Yeung Cronin J J, Brady M K and Hult G T M (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. †, Journal of Retailing, 76 (2), P193-218. Hart A E, Rosenberger P (2004). â€Å"Effect of corporate image in the formation of customer loyalty: an Australian replication. †Ã¢â‚¬  Australian Marketing Journal, 2004, 12(3), P88-96. Huang YC, Wu CH, Hsu JCJ (2006) Using importance –performance analysis in evaluating Taiwan medium and long distance. National Highway Passenger Transportation Service Quality 8:98-104. Ladhari R (2008). Alternative measures of service quality: a review. Managing Service Quality 18:65-86. Lai F, Griffin M, and Babin B (2009) How Quality, Value, Image, and Satisfaction Create Loyalty at a Chinese Telecom. Journal of Business Research, Vol 62, pp. 980-986. Lai WT, Chen CF (2011) Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers – The roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and involvement. Transport Policy 18:318-325. Lin CN, Tsai LF, Wang PW, Su WJ and Shaw JC (2011) Using the expected importance and perceived satisfaction of tourists to construct indicators for improvement of resort hotel service quality. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security 11:P91-94. Loureiro S M C and Kastenholz E (2011), â€Å"Corporate reputation, satisfaction, delight and loyalty towards rural lodging units in Portugal†, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, P575-583. Mittal V, Kumar P and Tsiros M (1999). Attribute-level performance, satisfaction and behavioral intentions over time: a consumption-system approach. Journal of Marketing, 63(2), p88-101. Nguyen N and Leblanc G (2001). â€Å"Corporate image and corporate reputation in customers? retention decisions in services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 8(4), P227-236. Nunnally Jr JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory, 3/e, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Oliver R L (1997, 2010). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. McGraw Hill, New York. Ostrowski P L, O? Brien T V and Gordon G L (1993). â€Å"Service Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Commercial Airline Industr y. †, Journal of Travel Research 32, P16-24. Parasuraman A, Zeithaml VA, Berry LL (1985) A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing 49:41-50. Parasuraman A, Zeithaml VA, Berry LL (1988) SERVQUAL: A Multiple Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing 64:12-40 Spreng R A, MacKenzie S B and Olshavsky R W (1996). A re-examination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), p15-32. Tam ML, Tam ML, Lam WHK (2005) Analysis of airport access mode choice: A case study in Hong Kong. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 6:708-723. Tang SB, Lo HK (2010) On the financial viability of mass transit development: the case of Hong Kong. Transportation 37:299-316. Transport Department (1995-2010) Annual Transport Digest. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. Transport Department (1999) Third Comprehensive transport study final report. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. Transport Department (2003) Travel Characteristics Survey. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. 8 Yeung Zhao X, Bai CH, Hui YV (2002) An empirical assessment and application of SERVQUAL in a Mainland Chinese department store. Total Quality Management 13:241-254. 9 Yeung Table 1 Five-factor structure of perceived service quality scores and Cronbach? s Alpha (with attributes „bus route coverage? and „bus stop information? being deleted) Service quality Attributes Clarity of bus number sign Bus route map Bus stop location Fare Discount Bus frequency Bus punctuality Bus service time Bus route coverage (NA) Travel safety Driver attitude Cleanliness Seat arrangement Air-conditioning Bus stop information (NA) Factor 1 Factor 2 0. 632 0. 865 0. 449 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 . 777 0. 649 0. 652 0. 902 0. 407 0. 799 0. 551 0. 520 0. 780 0. 495 Eigenvalue 4. 11 1. 44 1. 27 1. 11 Variance (%) 31. 61 11. 08 9. 76 8. 52 Cronbach? s alpha 0. 745 0. 722 0. 658 0. 726 Overall MSA = 0. 797, cumulative variance explained = 68. 70%, communality = 6. 853 Root mean square residual = 0. 012, RMSP = 0. 024, Cronbach? s alpha = 0. 816 1. 01 7. 73 0. 693 10 Yeung Table 2a Results of confirmatory factor analysis on per ceived service quality Loadin g 0. 728 0. 795 0. 557 0. 751 0. 765 0. 736 0. 876 0. 535 t 18. 0 1 19. 7 3 13. 4 6 16. 3 16. 4 4 19. 0 0 23. 0 8 13. 2 8 17. 5 4 14. 7 9 Reliabilit y 0. 739 0. 530 0. 632 0. 311 0. 729 0. 564 0. 585 0. 766 0. 541 0. 767 0. 286 0. 703 0. 663 0. 426 Variance Extracted 0. 491 Bus information factor Clarity of bus number sign route map Bus Bus stop location Price factor Fare Discount Reliability factor Bus frequency Bus punctuality Bus service time Bus route coverage (NA) Driving factor Travel safety Driver attitude 0. 574 0. 532 0. 545 0. 814 0. 653 Bus environment factor 0. 663 Cleanliness 0. 677 15. 1 0. 459 9 Seat arrangement . 675 15. 1 0. 456 5 Air-conditioning 0. 531 11. 9 0. 282 2 Bus stop information (NA) Fit indices: Chi-square = 130. 55, df = 55, Chi-square / df =2. 03 GFI = 0. 969, AGFI = 0. 949, CFI = 0. 966, NFI = 0. 943, NNFI = 0. 951 RMR = 0. 023, RMSEA = 0. 047 0. 399 Table 2b Correlation between factors for the measurement model on percei ved service quality Bus information Price Reliability Driving Bus environment Bus information 0. 701 0. 451 0. 404 0. 474 0. 334 Price ? 0. 758 0. 453 0. 393 0. 340 Reliability ? ? 0. 729 0. 461 0. 438 Driving ? ? 0. 738 0. 519 Bus environment ? ? ? ? 0. 631 11 Yeung Table 3 Standardized path coefficients of the Structural Model Standardized parameter estimates 0. 566 0. 558 0. 641 0. 586 0. 503 0. 523 0. 386 -t-value Hypothesis Conclusion Independent variable ? Dependent variable Service quality ? Bus information Price Reliability Driving Bus environment Corporate image Overall satisfaction Loyalty Corporate image ? Overall Satisfaction Loyalty 9. 99 -10. 71 10. 19 9. 23 9. 4 6. 6 -1 2 3 Supported Supported Not supported 0. 192 0. 105 4. 26 2. 7 4 5 Supported Supported Overall satisfaction ? Loyalty 0. 124 2. 92 Fit indices: Chi-square = 27. 7, df = 18, Chi-square / df = 1. 54 GFI = 0. 989, AGFI = 0. 978, CFI = 0. 988, NFI = 0. 967, NNFI = 0. 981 RMR = 0. 009, RMSEA = 0. 029 6 Supp orted 12 Yeung Table 4. Direct, Indirect and total effects on loyalty Direct Indirect -0. 105 0. 124 0. 115 0. 024 – Total 0. 115 0. 129 0. 1240 Service quality Image Satisfaction Corporate image H1 Service Quality H4 H2 H6 H5 Loyalty Figure 1 Hypothetical Structural Model Satisfaction Overall H3 13 How to cite Relationships Among Service Quality, Essay examples

Wealth In The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

Wealth In The Great Gatsby Essay Why did Daisy choose Tom in the end In the novel The GreatGatsby, Daisy Buchanan was faced with an enormous decision. She had tochoose between Tom; her husband and Jay Gatsby; her lover. Gatsby seemed to bethe ideal man of his time. Fabulously wealthy, handsome, charismatic andintriguing, he seemed to be able to offer everything a woman could want. All hewanted in return was Daisys complete unconditional love. Tom, on the otherhand could offer Daisy money, security and freedom. Ultimately Daisy chose thelatter. The roaring 20s was an era of total decadence. The first World Warhad ended and industry was booming. People were becoming millionaires overnight. There seemed to be no end in sight to the prosperity. Although people werebecoming rich quickly, old money provided more privilege than new money. TomBuchanan came from old money. He was a Westerner who was renowned in college forboth his football skills and his supremely decadent lifestyle. The narratorstates His family were enormously wealthy, even in college his freedomwith money was a matter for reproach-but now hed left Chicago and come Eastin a fashion that rather took your breath away: for instance, he brought down astring of polo ponies from Lake Forest. Daisy chose to marry Tom becauseof his wealth and power. Fitzgerald writes There was a wholesome bulkinessabout his person and his position and Daisy was flattered. He could offerDaisy prestige in addition to all the old money one could dream of. Gatsby hadmade his money by illegal means. He was a nobody from nowhere and although hewas rich beyond belief, he was one of the hundreds of nouveau riche who lackedthe cache of the old money set. Although Gatsby could offer Daisy romance, love,excitement and intrigue, her need for security freedom and money made hereventually choose Tom. In terms of security, Tom could offer much more thanGatsby. Toms old money could offer Daisy prestige and social position whereasGatsbys money was quickly and somewhat questionably earned. Everyoneincluding Daisy realized that it could be just as quickly lost. Tom statesI found out what your drug-stores were. He and this Wolfshiem bought up alot of side-street drug-stores here in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over thecounter . Tom also said That drug-store business was just smallchange but youve got something on now that Walters afraid to tell meabout. This proves that Gatsbys money was achieved through corruptmeans and his lack of position would leave him vulnerable to prosecution if hewere to be caught. On the other hand, Daisy and Toms elite position insociety enabled them to get away with murder. They were able to moveawa y and start anew after hitting Myrtle in the car. Due to the wealth and powerof Tom and Daisy, they were able to live with a substantial amount of freedom. They were able to tear apart the lives of people and move on without as much asa backward glance. Nicks judgment of them was They were carelesspeople, Tom and Daisy-they smashed up things and creatures and then retreatedback into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that keptthem together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.Daisys selection of Tom over Gatsby afforded a somewhat unorthodox freedom. Tom had many mistresses but always returned to Daisy. He said Once in awhile I go off and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in myheart I love her all the time. Daisy also loved the luxury of having botha husband and a lover but Gatsby would not allow it. He wanted all of her andshe could not give that to him. She said Oh, you want too much. I love younow- isnt that enough. Although Gatsby could have offered Daisy avariety of things such as romance, love and excitement, she ultimately chose Tombecause of her selfishness. She grew up with old money, security and freedom andwas not willing to give it all up for love. I believe that the author chose thename Daisy because Daisy in Latin means the days eye or the sun andeverything revolves around the sun. Daisy does not care about anyone else andshe believes that everything revolves around her! The Great Gatsby The GreatGatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitsgerald, is about the American Dream, and thedownfall of those who attemp t to reach its imaginative goals. The attempt tocapture the American Dream is common in many novels. This dream is different forfidderent people, but in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream is that throughwealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happiness Jay mustreach into the past and relive an old dream and in order to do this he must havewealth and power. Jay Gatsby, the main character of the story , is a characterwho longs for the past. Suprisingly he devotes most of his adult life trying torecapture it and, finally, dies in its pursuit. In the past, Jay had a loveaffair with the extravagant Daisy. Knowing he could not marry her because of thedifference in their social status, he leaves her to obtain wealth to reach herhigh standards. Once he acquires this wealth, he moves near to Daisy,Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay,and throws extravagant parties, happen,he asks around casually if anyone knowsher. Soon he meet Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees to set up ameeting, He wants to know if youll invite Daisy, who agrees to set upa meeting, He wants to knowif youll invite Daisy to your house someafternoon and then let him come over. Gatsbys personal dream symbolizesthe larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to get what they want. Later, as we see in the Plaza Hotel, Jay still believes that Daisy loves him. Heis convinced of this as is shown when he takes the blame for Myrtles death. Was Daisy driving? Yesbut of course Ill say I was.He also watches and protects Daisy as she returns home. How long are yougoing to wait? All night if necessary. Jay cannot accept thatthe past is gone and done with. Jay is sure that he can capture his dream withwealth and influence. He believes that he acted for a good beyond his personalinterest and that should guarantee success. Nick attempts to show Jay the follyof his dream, but Jay innocently replies to Nicks assertion that the pastcannot be relived by saying Yes you can, old sport. This shows theconfidence that Jay has in fulfilling his American Dream. For Jay, his AmericanDream is not material possessions, although it may seem that way. He only comesinto riches so that he can fulfill his true American Dream, Daisy. Gatsbydoesnt rest until his American Dream is finally fulfilled. However, it nevercomes about and he ends up paying the ultimate pirce for it. The idea of theAmerican Dream still holds true in todays time , be it wea lth, love, or fame. But one thing never changes about the American Dream; everyone desires somethingin life, and everyone, somehow, strives to get it. Gatsby is a prime example ofpursuing the American Dream. Symbolism in the Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, byF. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about one mans disenchantment with the Americandream. In the story we get a glimpse into the life of Jay Gatsby, a man whoaspired to achieve a position among the American rich to win the heart of histrue love, Daisy Fay. Gatsbys downfall was in the fact that he was unable todetermine that concealed boundary between reality and illusion in his life. TheGreat Gatsby is a tightly structured, symbolically compressed novel whosepredominant images and symbols reinforce the idea that Gatsbys dream exists onborrowed time. Fitzgerald perfectly understood the inadequacy of Gatsbysromantic view of wealth. At a young age he met and fell in love with GinevraKing, a Chicago girl who enjoyed the wealth and social position to whichFit zgerald was always drawn. After being rejected by Ginevra because of hislower social standing, Fitzgerald came away with a sense of social inadequacy, adeep hurt, and a longing for the girl beyond attainment. This disappointmentgrew into distrust and envy of the American rich and their lifestyle. Thesepersonal feelings are expressed in Gatsby. The rich symbolize the failure of acivilization and the way of life and this flaw becomes apparent in thecharacters of Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story,quickly became disillusioned with the upper social class after having dinner attheir home on the fashionable East Egg Island. Nick is forced unwillinglyto observe the violent contrast between their opportunities- what is implied bythe gracious surface of their existence- and the seamy underside which is itsreality (Way 93). In the Buchanans, and in Nicks reaction to them,Fitzgerald shows us how completely the American upper class has failed to becomean aristocrac y. The Buchanans represent cowardice, corruption, and the demise ofGatsbys dream Gatsby, unlike Fitzgerald himself, never discovers how he hasbeen betrayed by the class he has idealized for so long. For Gatsby, the failureof the rich has disastrous consequences. Gatsbys desire to achieve his dreamleads him to West Egg Island. He purchased a mansion across the bay from Daisyshome. There is a green light at the end of Daisys dock that is visible at nightfrom the windows and lawn of Gatsbys house. This green light is one of thecentral symbols of the novel. In chapter one, Nick observes Gatsby in the darkas he looks longingly across the bay with arms stretched outward toward thegreen light. It becomes apparent, as the story progresses that the wholebeing of Gatsby exists only in relation to what the green light symbolizes Thisfirst sight, that we have of Gatsby, is a ritualistic tableau that literallycontains the meaning of the completed book (Bewley 41). A broaderdefinition of the gree n lights significance is revealed in Chapter 5, as Gatsbyand Daisy stand at one of the windows in his mansion. If it wasnt for themist we could see your home across the bay, said Gatsby. You alwayshave a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock.Daisy put her arm through his abruptly, but he seemed absorbed in what hehad just said. Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance ofthat light had vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that hadseparated him from Daisy it has seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Ithad seemed so close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on adock. His count of enchanted objects has diminished by one (Fitzgerald94). Gatsby had believed in the green light, it made his dream seem attainable. True Brand Loyalty EssayC. T.J. Eckelbergs eyes are God-like symbol. IV. America the continent of lostinnocence and illusions. A. Gatsbys experience compared to Dutch sailors. B. Gatsbys tragedy was triviality of Daisy. Conclusion: Symbolism and artistrypaint a vivid picture of a dream destined to fail. Works Cited Bewley, Marius. Scott Fitzgerald and the Collapse of the American Dream. ModernCritical Views F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1985. p. 41. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribners Sons. 1925 Lehan, Richard D. The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald and theCraft of Fiction. Chicago: Southern Illinois University Press. 1966. p. 121. Way, Brian. The Great Gatsby. Modern Critical Interpretations F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. p. 93. The Great Gatsby Pursuit of the American Dream The Great Gatsby, anovel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, and the downfall ofthose who attempt to reach its illusionary goals. F. Scott Fitzgerald was bornin St. Paul, Minnesota in 1896. He was a student of St. Paul Academy, the NewmanSchool, and attended Princeton for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army andwas posted in Montgomery, Alabama. This is where he would meet his future wifeZelda Sayre. Fitzgeralds first novel, This Side of Paradise, was published andbecame a bestseller, which gave him enough money to get married. He waspublished at the age of only twenty-three and was regarded as the Speakerfor the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald seemed to write his books, not for theenjoyment of writing alone, but for the wealth that cam with it. However, eventhough things seemed more than satisfactory at the time, things would seem totake a turn for the worse. Zeldas schizophrenia and Fitzgeralds drinkingproblem led Fi tzgerald to rely mostly on his short stories for income. Slowlythey started to lose their appeal as well. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald ended updying in Hollywood on December 21, 1940. But even after his death, his bookswould remain everlasting classics in the eyes of the reading world. Many novelsare centered around the attempt to capture the American Dream. This dream isdifferent for different people, but in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream isthat through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happinessJay must reach into the past and relive an old dream and in order to do this, itseems that he must have wealth and power. Jay Gatsby, the central figure of thestory, is one character who longs for the past. Surprisingly he devotes most ofhis adult life trying to recapture it and, finally, dies in its pursuit. In thepast, Jay had a love affair with the affluent Daisy. Knowing he could not marryher because of the difference in their social status, he leaves her to amasswealth to reach her economic standards. Once he acquires this wealth, he movesnear to Daisy, and throws extravagant parties, hoping by chance that she mightshow up at one of them. He, himself, does not attend his parties but watchesthem from a distance. When this dream doesnt happen, he asks around casually ifanyone knows her. Soon he meets Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees toset up a meeting, He wants to knowif youll invite Daisy to your housesome afternoon and then let him come over (page 83). Gatsbys personaldream symbolizes the larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to getwhat they want. Later, as we see in the Plaza Hotel, Jay still believes thatDaisy loves him. He is convinced of this as is shown when he takes the blame forMyrtles death. Was Daisy driving? Yesbut of course Illsay I was. (p. 151) He also watches and protects Daisy as she returnshome. How long are you going to wait? All night ifnecessary. (p. 152) Jay cannot accept that the past is gone and done with. Jay is sure that he can capture his dream with wealth and influence. He believesthat he acted for a good beyond his personal interest and that should guaranteesuccess. Nick attempts to show Jay the foolishness of his dream, but Jayinnocently replies to Nicks claim that the past cannot be relived by saying,Yes you can, old sport. This shows the confidence that Jay has infulfilling his American Dream. For Jay, his American Dream is not materialpossessions, although it may seem that way. He only comes into riches so that hecan fulfill his true American Dream, Daisy. Gatsby doesnt rest until hisAmerican Dream is finally fulfilled. However, it never comes about and he endsup paying the ultimate price for it. The idea of the American Dream still holdstrue in todays time, be it wealth, love, or fame. But one thing never changesabout the American Dream; everyone desires something in life, and everyone,somehow, strives to get it. Gatsby is a prime example of pursuing the AmericanDream. This b ook seemed to ignite many, many thoughts in my mind that pertainedto the many points presented in this story. The basis of my report, which is thepursuit of happiness, and mainly the American Dream, has always been present inthe lives of all things living. The feeling of want for something better thanwhat we already have is the foundation of improvement in our world today. Anyonewho has ever thought that they deserved a promotion or anyone who has everbought a lottery ticket, has inevitably, at one point in their lives, thoughtabout something better for themselves. If they hadnt, then they would not havetried to obtain the new corner office space or win that million-dollar prize. Inessence, this novel depicts one mans journey through life, and once it is overwith, his want for his youth to return to him. I enjoyed this book immensely,because Fitzgerald drew me into the story with every descriptive word, and madeit so that I was, in some way, able to relate and connect with each char acter. Fitzgerald has truly displayed the fact that, even though you may want it sobadly, dreams are made and broken every day.

Employee Understand Organizations Payroll - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employee Understand Organizations Payroll? Answer: Introducation Employees records are always stored along with maintaining confidentiality keeping the records safe and secured. In todays fast growing technology apart from written records, company prefers storing the datas in their computers or laptops where they can put passwords and secure them (Kundu and Kadian 2012). Smith Jones Pty Ltd also have secured their employees datas where the records of the payroll are kept for 7years and are unlocked only at the time of working hours. The file named MYOB data is the place where this companys payroll datas are stored and it is daily backed up to keep a copy of the data on the off-site drive of the business (Alfred 2014). A password diploma also safeguards it. The written records of the payrolls are kept in bolted filing cupboard to shield the privacy of the informations of the employees. The business of this particular company has an account with ANZ bank apart from it this particular company has no other assets and accountabilities. Any query that is not from the payroll rules is not entertained and the employee is sent to the supervisor for clearing his doubts. The queries are to be met keeping in mind the laws of privacy (Solove and Schwartz 2014). According to the Australian government all, the employees are allowed to for paid annual leaves (Lin, Wong and Ho 2013). Annual leaves are what an employee is paid while they are having time off from work. The annual leave an employee is supposed to get, be it a full time employee or a part time employee, is 4hours, which is based on the usual working hours. Thus, as far as the reports are concerned Julie Simpson, who is a part timer in this company, has been working for 20 hours per week can take maximum of 4 weeks per year of holiday leaves. As Julie Simpson has already taken paid sick leave of 1 day, thus now she is eligible for 3 weeks and 6 days of leave in a year. Annual leaves are calculated from the very first date an employee joins the company also applicable for those who are serving the probation period. However, the leave that remains unused of an employee usually passes to the next year. When the employee is on unpaid annual leave, unpaid sick or careers leave or unpaid parental leave then only there is no accumulation of the annual leave. The Australian Governments scheme of paid parental leave is actually not considered as a paid leave (Baird and Whitehouse 2012). The total number of annual leaves of four weeks of an part time employee is calculated as here the employees working hours will differ week after week so the average working hour should be calculated first based on average working hour the leave the employee can result per week (Moss 2012). Then the total hours of annual leave is calculated that they can avail, the hours of already taken leave are decreased and finally, if they are ending with their employment then in their final amount their owned money must be reflected. Thus, the annual leave is based on the hours of work (Todd and Binns 2013). As the businesses are raising thus the organizations are wanting that their existing employees to give extra hours to the work (Fujimoto and Azmat 2014). Thus, Julie Simpson who want to work on Saturdays as her boss has suggested her to will get paid and allowances as far as the companys rules that is she will get double the time for working on Saturdays than the usual charges that is applied who does overtime on the weekdays. Julie has already put in overtime of 3 hours in this following month. Thus for employees who are eligible for working overtime that is the time after his working hours is when there is no health related risk for the employees in case of working extra, the personal state of the employee involving his responsibly regarding his family (Charlesworth and Heron 2012). It further involves the requirements of the company, the employee is permitted to receive the payments or penalty charges for the overtimes, the employees are given enough notice that they may had to wo rk overtime and lastly the usual stand of working in the industry. According to the fair work commission (FWC) presently handed a decision which says that some allowances will be applicable both casual and part time employees via different awards (Stewart et al. 2014). Part time employees are different from the full time employees in cases where the full time employees works for longer durations for an average of 38 hours a week on the other hand, the casual employees work or irregular intervals of time and also does not get any paid sick or annual leave (Blyton et al. 2017). Whereas, the part-time employees get the same least amount of allocations as the full time employee, which is based on, the hours spend each week. Therefore, Julie Simpson will also get the allocations for working on Saturdays. Superannuation is a process of saving for the employees retirement. The money actually is coming from the donations made into the companys super fund by the employees name and preferably exceeding by their own money (Productivity Commission 2015). It is not ultimate salary scheme therefore the income will depend on the production of the employees funds. It is essential for all employers to provide the employees of their company an option for superannuation funds that includes- recognizing fresh employees who are eligible for this scheme, supplying them with a guideline form to those who are eligible, working on the selection that the employee has made over the fund scheme (Agnew, Bateman and Thorp 2012). However, as today the entire companys details are stored in the computers. In the computers it is secured as well, it is the quickest way to provide the information asked for so to check the superannuation payments of both Fred Jones and George Smith the steps that needed to be follo wed are first the it need to go to the search menu where the Superannuation funds are. It is where a window appears named Superannuation Fund list. Here by clicking this it may ask for the respective employees name or membership number. Providing that the information will be automatically generated. The MYOB file is very important because all the informations of this company is stored here which is protected with password, back up is done daily and for this system the audit trail is kept on. The payments reports are to be thoroughly searched. Payments reports are those reports where all the associate employees credits and lenders those the employee may face due to late or miss in any payment are found in details. MYOB file is a file of the company that is created for the business purpose. In this very file all the information are stored about the business and the employees like the business name, the contact details of both the company and the employees and the financial year. However, corporation act 2001, which has been reviewed by the ASIC on its requirements (King et al. 2014). This has however pursued input from as many as professional bodies and associates possible to compose a plan of suitable books and records. It further states that the companies must retain written rec ords on the finances that accurately explains as well as records the transactions and the position of finances and productivity of each employee as well as the company. Then it further allows true and equitable statements of finances that must be prepared and scrutinized. Apart from keeping written records, companies must retain electronically the records of the employees and about the company. However, the section 288 of this corporations Act defines that if the records are to be kept in electronic forms then it must be changeable to a hard copy (Ferran and Ho 2014). This company of Smith and Jones actually follows AMP life superannuation, which is the company in Australia and New Zealand that deals with superannuation and investments, insurances, advices on finance and banking that includes the home loans and saving accounts (Vidyattama et al. 2013). Thus, the advices that would be provided to Fred about his and George Smiths payments are that Freds total amount is $4,680 and Georges $2268. Following this information, the advices that are provided are the superannuation responsibilities for the employees. This however comprises of the Australian superannuation law that the employees must follow (Liu 2013). The very first rule is to pay the guarantee of superannuation, then to provide a choice of funds, offering a standard choice form that is to be used by the employee, the employees choice of funds must not be influenced by the company. The income of the employees must be calculated correctly, keeping genuine records of those employees who have been offered with choices of funds and so on, employees should be kept informed, helping employees with their salary sacrificing if solicited by the employees and lastly to confirm the tax file numbers if necessary. However, this means that the employees must proceed with their employees tax file numbers (TFN) to their superannuation fund for authorized purposes (Latimer 2012). The pay for the superannuation eligible employees is calculated from that very day when they have joined the company. The payments should be made minimum four times in a year. However, if the due date is falling on a weekend or in some public holidays then the payment can be made on the next very working day. The payments can be made regularly than quarterly if the employee wants to as long as the employees total superannuation guarantees commitment for the quarter is offered by the required date. The quarterly payment due dates for the superannuation payments for according to Australian taxation office are - Quarter Period Payment due date 1 1st July to 30th September 28th October 2 1st October to 31st December 28th January 3 1st January to 31st March 28th April 4 1st April to 30th June 28th July However, some superannuation funds require employees to contribute on the monthly basis. If employees are deciding to register with this type of a funding scheme then it means they are willing to make monthly payments to that fund. The payments are to be made on complying super funds or the retirement savings accounts (RSA). The complying super fund is the one that encounters particular needs and duties under the super law and An RSA is a kind of account that provides by the companies such as banks and constructing societies for the savings for retirement Sick leave are also called personal leave that an employee take time off to assist themselves dealing with their personal illnesses, caring duties and emergencies in family. This leave can be utilized if an employee is unwell or injured. There might be some other reasons like the employee may have to take care of some ailing member in their immediate family or may be in case of some emergency in their family , this is known as carers leave though it is included in the employees personal leave equilibrium (Duffield et al. 2014). According to the National Employment Standards, this involves both the paid and unpaid leaves allocations. Employees can take their paid sick leaves when they cannot continue to work due to their personal illnesses or injury. These illnesses can also include issues related to stress or pregnancy. However, all the employees excluding the employees who are causal workers are all qualified for paid sick or carers leave. The employees are eligible to get the same grant for both sick and carers leave. Further, an employee gets 10days of leave for the full-time employees and for part-time employees they get a pro rata of 10days every year determined by their working hours (Kosny and Lifshen 2012). To investigate this query the written as well as the electronic databases are to be looked for the information. The data can be found in the process pay report of the second week, which reflects the weekly payments of the employees, paid overtimes, sick leaves, and wage increase, long service leaves, pay slips, procedure and payroll advices of the employees. The Employee data year to date figures will also show the holiday and sick leave that the employee is having or not for this month, following that is the year to date figures that reflects the sick pay amount. The records that the organization keeps are general, about the pay, the hours of work served, number of leaves taken or left, superannuation contributions, employees flexibility agreements , guarantee of the yearly earnings of the employee, termination of an employee, transfer of the business where the old employee has to provide the fresh employee with business related information. Reports are kept in both manual and electronic ways. Some companies still favors manual record keeping but due to growing technology and time consumption maximum companies now prefers electronic record keeping method. Both these report keeping methods have certain advantages as well as disadvantages. The employee data year to date figures states that Julie Simpson is eligible to get sick leaves and the sick pay will be amounting to $280. However the advices that can be provided to the employee is related to sick leaves where the employees should know that in order to avail the sick leave medical proof is necessary. Then discharge of an employee cannot be taken place while that person is in their sick leave. Further advices that the employees can be provided are that in Australia many small businesses are operated with very inclined operations, which mainly requires all employees plus management to be doing things jointly, and in a multi-functional way. However, in this scenario if any of the employees develops an everlasting medical condition that causes the worker to take lavish amount of sick leave, this definitely acts as an additional burden to the business. This involves a drop in employees morale when other employees have to cover the work of the absent employee, it may be without pay in a few occasions. Therefore, it is relieving the companys tension by releasing the employee on personal leave and employ another constant employee instantly because it would have been expensive for the company to hire a new worker train them and them release them as soon as the old employee return form their leaves (Estryn-Bhar and Van der Heijden 2012). Many organizations are found that the total staff they have, can undergo a situation where they came across workers those who have negative yearly and personal or carers leave. In such cases, the company can revise their policies regarding leaves to involve statements like for example sick or carers leave availing employees must present medical documents, there may be a gap of five days on leaves those are negative excluding special cases where the employee seeking approval from the managing director or the Human resource head. The Fair work act 2009, permits the company to appeal that a worker supply a medical document or any confirmation that the leave was taken because of the reasons that are stated under the allocation of personal or carers leave. However, if the employee is unable to provide any of the medical documentations then the company has the full authority to undertake disciplinary procedures. Moreover, the Fair worker act of 2009 forbid firing as an employee is temporar ily unavailable on a sick leave. So according to this law mentioned here a worker can take leave for a number of reasons involving holiday, illness or to care for some dear ones (Macdonald and Charlesworth 2013). The least leave claims are defined in the National Employment Standards that is in the Fair work Act but still a particular agreement or workers contract might bestow for other allocations of leaves. The payment structure for sick leaves is actually the basic rate of payment that is allowed to the employees when they are taking sick or personal leaves. They are not eligible for other allocations then like the overtimes they would normally work for, payments based on incentives, bonus, loadings and the rates for penalty. Payment processing is the procedure and service that automatically makes the transactions of the payments between the employers and employees (Keresman 2012). The machines that summons, verify, accept or rejects eventually processes the transaction with the help of safe internet connection. However, the payroll processing is more or less same for all assisting countries, which involves processing the pre-payrolls, printing the payments, adjoining entries of the journals, managing the reports of payroll and conducting the ultimate updates. Therefore, the payment processing presents programs that allow the company to record the reference data that is useful for the future. On the other hand, the payroll system is the designed software to arrange all the functions of the workers payment and filing the taxes of the workers. This charge can actually involve the retention of hours of works, creating wages, concealing taxes as well as deductions, printing and delivering the checks and final ly employees tax payment to the government. The payroll processing however involves the calculations of the payments that are made based on their work in the company. The processing and payment payroll of this particular company Smith Jones Pty Ltd is as follows:- Now the main point to remember here while processing the payroll is how much the employee get paid, what amount to deduct for the different federal, state and local taxes and the reasons for the amount paid and deducted. Then the process starts paying the worker in the weekly, bi-weekly or bi-monthly basis, restrain the proper amount for from paychecks and keeping a record of it, depositing the overall Federal taxes along with if possible then state taxes, quarterly files IRS Form 941 that defines what has been deposited each month from the foregoing quarter (Ventry 2016). Lastly, the files where the necessary deducted and deposited records are summarized. To maintain the security and confidentiality the steps that must be taken regarding the payroll information are that any physical hard copies that have any kind of payroll information must be locked at all times and so a secured surrounding is of basic importance. Then there must be certain guidelines that who all can access the payroll information along with strict supervision on the worker until they are in the department of payroll. Organizations electronic security is of high importance like password protection for all computers and databases. Lastly, the important one is to handling the disposal properly as this can bread the security if any small information is into any wrong hands (Romney and Steinbart 2012). At first of every month, the pay of each employee is credited. This procedure starts with collecting the employees wage information. These wages are to be very minutely tracked. An organization has a number of taxes however; the gross pay must be excluded from those taxes. Retirement contributions can also be cut out from the pay then calculations are done and the amounts are transferred to each employees salary account. The company always keeps a record of the allowances that are to be paid to every employee. However, a payment becomes an allowance when it is a precise, fixed amount of money to cover approximate money (Krger and Yeandle 2013). It is paid to the respective employees even if the employee does not exhaust the total amount. The employees can claim the deductions for work-related expenses that they have incurred while performing their job as the employee of the organization. Along with it they may also claim those deductions that are not related to work like the investments in interest and dividend withdrawal, the subtractions for gifts and other donations and also deductions for the price paid for managing the tax related issues. An organization always owes their worker certain duties, which are mainly implied by the law or are there in the contract with the employees. The few obligations for which records must be kept and it must be met are the employee should get the amount for doing his job and arriving at time, they must be provided with work that they are promised to before hiring, health and safety regulations must be observed. There must be right information provided to the employees that are stated in their contract, opportunity to solve their problems by the organization and lastly both employee and the organization owe each other mutual trust and respect one another. The internal measures that the company should take so that the payment are processed on time consists of five interconnected components which are control over the surroundings, assessments of the threats, controlling the activities for the payroll which includes hiring, documentation, authorization, reconciliation. Then proper communication is must so that appropriate information can be reliable, accurate and on time and finally keeping a check that all the procedures for payroll are taking place in the right time (Bray et al. 2012). References Agnew, J.R., Bateman, H. and Thorp, S., 2012. Superannuation knowledge and plan behaviour. Alfred, B., 2014. Impact of Computerized Accounting on Performance of Payroll Accounting: Case Study of Urban Water and Sewerage of Authorities (Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania). Arbon, C.A., Facer, R.L. and Wadsworth, L.L., 2012. Compressed Workweeks-Strategies for Successful Implementation. Public Personnel Management, 41(3), pp.389-405. Baird, M. and Whitehouse, G., 2012. Paid parental leave: first birthday policy review. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 38(3), p.184. Blyton, P., Hassard, J., Hill, S. and Starkey, K., 2017. Time, work and organization. Taylor Francis. 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Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J., 2012. Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson. Solove, D.J. and Schwartz, P., 2014. Information privacy law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Stewart, A.J., Bray, M., Macneil, J. and Oxenbridge, S., 2014. 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role. Todd, P. and Binns, J., 2013. Worklife balance: is it now a problem for management?. Gender, Work Organization, 20(3), pp.219-231. Ventry, D., 2016. Internal Revenue Service Advisory Council, 2016 Public Report. IRS Advisory Council. Vidyattama, Y., Cassells, R., Harding, A. and Mcnamara, J., 2013. Rich or poor in retirement? A small area analysis of Australian private superannuation savings in 2006 using spatial microsimulation. Regional Studies, 47(5), pp.722-739.